tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29540211243152121692024-03-13T10:01:22.449-07:00Mr. BoedaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-20873774622499911582013-01-27T08:02:00.003-08:002013-01-27T08:02:44.283-08:00Askep Gadar Hipoglikemia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Askep Gadar
Hipoglikemia</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemia merupakan salah satu kegawatan diabetic
yang mengancam, sebagai akibat dari menurunnya kadar glukosa darah < 60
mg/dl. Adapun batasan hipoglikemia adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemia
murni : ada gejala hipoglikemi , glukosa darah < 60 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksi
hipoglikemia : gejala hipoglikemi bila gula darah turun mendadak, misalnya dari
400 mg/dl menjadi 150 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma
hipoglikemi : koma akibat gula darah < 30 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemi
reaktif : gejala hipoglikemi yang terjadi 3-5 jam sesudah makan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anatomi
fisiologi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan
Kadar Glukosa Darah </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peristiwa
glukoneogenesis berperan penting dalam penyediaan energi bagi kebutuhan tubuh ,
khususnya sistem saraf dan peredaran darah (eritrosit). Kegagalan
glukoneogenesis berakibat FATAL, yaitu terjadinya DISFUNGSI OTAK yang berakibat
KOMA dan kematian. Hal ini terjadi bilamana kadar glukosa darah berada di bawah
nilai kristis. Nilai normal loboratoris dari glukosa dalam darah ialah : 65-110
ml/dl atau 3.6-6.1 mmol/L. Setelah penyerapan makanan kadar glukosa darah pada
manusia berkisar antara 4.5-5.5 mmol/L. Jika orang tersebut makan karbohidrat
kadarnya akan naik menjadi sekitar 6.5-7.2 mmol/L. Saat puasa kadar glukosa
darah turun berkisar 3.3-3.9 mmol/L.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan
kadar glukosa darah dilakukan melalui mekanisme metabolik dan hormonal.
Pengaturan tersebut termasuk bagian dari homeostatik. Aktivitas metabolik yang
mengatur kadar glukosa darah dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mutu dan jumlah glikokisis dan glukoneogenesis, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas enzim-enzim, seperti glokukinase dan
heksokinase.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon penting yang memainkan peranan sentral dalam
pengaturan kadar glukosa darah adalah insulin. Insulin dihasikan dari sel-sel b
dari pulau –pulau langerhans pankreas dan disekresikan langsung ke dalam darah
sebagai reaksi langsung bila keadaan hiperglikemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses pelepasan insulin dari sel B pulau langerhans
Pankreas dijelaskan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Glukosa
dengan bebas dapat memasuki sel-sel B langerhans karena adanya Transporter glut
2. Glukosa kemudian difosforilasi oleh enzim glukokinase yang kadarnya tinggi.
Konsentrasi glukosa darah mempengaruhi kecepatan pembentukan ATP dari proses
glikolisis, glukoneogenesis, siklus kreb dan Electron Transport System di
mitokondria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peningkatan
produksi ATP akan menghambat pompa kalium (K+pump) sehingga membran dan
mendorong terjadinya eksositosis insulin. Selanjutnya insulin dibawa darah dan
mengubah glukosa yang kadarnya tinggi menjadi glikogen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Enzim yang
kerjanya berlawanan dengan insulin adalah glukoagon. Glukoagon dihasilkan
sel-sel A langerhans pankreas. Sekresi hormon ini distimulasi oleh keadaan
hipoglikemia. Bila glukoagon yang dibawa darah sampai di hepar maka akan
mengaktifkan kerja enzim fosforilase sehingga mendorong terjadinya
glukoneogenesis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Overdosis
insulin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan
sulfonylurea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas
fisik yang berat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterlambatan
makanan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puasa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegagalan
ginjal, hati, alcohol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penurunan
respon hormonal (adrenergik)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti sebagian besar jaringan
lainnya, matabolisme otak terutama bergantung pada glukosa untuk digunakan
sebagai bahan bakar. Saat jumlah glukosa terbatas, otak dapat memperoleh
glukosa dari penyimpanan glikogen di astrosit, namun itu dipakai dalam beberapa
menit saja. Untuk melakukan kerja yang begitu banyak, otak sangat tergantung
pada suplai glukosa secara terus menerus dari darah ke dalam jaringan
interstitial dalam system saraf pusat dan saraf-saraf di dalam system saraf
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena itu, jika jumlah glukosa
yang di suplai oleh darah menurun, maka akan mempengaruhi juga kerja otak. Pada
kebanyakan kasus, penurunan mental seseorang telah dapat dilihat ketika gula
darahnya menurun hingga di bawah 65 mg/dl (3.6 mM). Saat kadar glukosa darah
menurun hingga di bawah 10 mg/dl (0.55 mM), sebagian besar neuron menjadi tidak
berfungsi sehingga dapat menghasilkan koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manifestasi
klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala-gejala hipoglikemia terdiri dari dua fase, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
: gejala-gejala akibat aktivasi pusat otonom di hipotalamus sehingga hormon
epinefrin masih dilepaskan. Gejala awal ini merupakan peringatan karena saat
itu pasien masih sadar sehingga dapat di ambil tindakan yang perlu untuk
mengatasi hipoglikemia lanjut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
: gejala-gejala yang terjadi akibat mulai terganggunya fungsi otak, karena itu
dinamakan gejala neurologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s. Pada awalnya
tubuh memberikan respon terhadap rendahnya kadar gula darah dengan melepasakan
epinefrin (adrenalin) dari kelenjar adrenal dan beberapa ujung saraf. Epinefrin
merangsang pelepasan gula dari cadangan tubuh tetapi jugamenyebabkan gejala
yang menyerupai serangan kecemasan (berkeringat, kegelisahan, gemetaran,
pingsan, jantung berdebar-debar dan kadang rasa lapar). Hipoglikemia yang lebih
berat menyebabkan berkurangnya glukosa ke otak dan menyebabkan pusing, bingung,
lelah, lemah, sakit kepala, perilaku yang tidak biasa, tidak mampu
berkonsentrasi, gangguan penglihatan, kejang dan koma. Hipoglikemia yang
berlangsung lama bisa menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang permanen. Gejala yang
menyerupai kecemasan maupun gangguan fungsi otak bisa terjadi secara perlahan
maupun secara tiba-tiba. Hal ini paling sering terjadi pada orang yang memakai
insulin atau obat hipoglikemik per-oral. Pada penderita tumor pankreas
penghasil insulin, gejalanya terjadi pada pagi hari setelah puasa semalaman,
terutama jika cadangan gula darah habis karena melakukan olah raga sebelum
sarapan pagi. Pada mulanya hanya terjadi serangan hipoglikemia sewaktu-waktu,
tetapi lama-lama serangan lebih sering terjadi dan lebih berat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
diagnostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prosedur
khusus: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntuk hipoglikemia reaktif tes toleransi glukosa postpradial oral 5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jam menunjukkan glukosa serum <50 mg/dl setelah 5 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawasan
di tempat tidur: peningkatan tekanan darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
laboratorium: glukosa serum <50 mg/dl, spesimen urin dua kali negatif terhadap
glukosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EKG:
Takikardia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk terapi hipoglikemik adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hipoglikemi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri pisang/ roti/ karbohidrat lain, bila gagal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri teh gula, bila gagal tetesi gula kental atau madu
dibawah lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma hipoglikemik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Injeksi glukosa 40% IV 25ml, infus glukosa 10%, bila
belum sadar dapat diulang setiap ½ jam sampai sadar (maksimum 6x), bila gagal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri injeksi efedrin bila tidak ada kontraindikasi
jantung dll 25-50 mg atau injeksi glukagon 1mg/IM, setelah gula darah stabil,
infus glukosa 10% dilepas bertahap dengan glukosa 5% stop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asuhan keperawatan gawat darurat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Airway
(jalan napas)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adanya sumbatan jalan napas. Terjadi karena adanya penurunan
kesadaran/koma sebagai akibat dari gangguan transport oksigen ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Breathing
(pernapasan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Circulation
(sirkulasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebas ,
kesemutan dibagian ekstremitas, keringat dingin, hipotermi, nadi lemah, tekanan
darah menurun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disability
(kesadaran)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi
penurunan kesadaran, karena kekurangan suplai nutrisi ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Exposure.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada exposure kita melakukan
pengkajian secara menyeluruh. Karena hipoglikemi adalah komplikasi dari
penyakit DM kemungkinan kita menemukan adanya luka/infeksi pada bagian tubuh
klien / pasien. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan Dan Fokus Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas b/d </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya benda asing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya
sumbatan jalan napas (lidah jatuh ke belakang, sputum) sehubungan dengan
penurunan kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya
sumbatan mempengaruhi proses respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, kedalaman pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berguna dalam evaluasi derajat distress pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji atau awasi
secara rutin kulit dan warna membrane mukosa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ sianosis
mungkin perifer (terlihat pada kuku) atau sentral (terlihat sekitar bibir atau
daun</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> telinga). Keabu-abuan dan sianosis sentral
mengindikasikan beratnya hipoksemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
bunyi napas, catat area penurunan aliran udara dan atau bunyi tambahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ bunyi napas
mungkin redup karena penurunan aliran udara. Adanya mengik mengindikasikan
spasme bronkus atau tertahannya secret. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Awasi tingkat
kesadaran atau status mental dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selidiki adanya perubahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Dapat
menunjukkan peningkatan hipoksia atau komplikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang spatel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merasa kekurangan oksigen dan napas tersengal – sengal , sianosis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pola napas
tidak efektif b/d adanya depresan pusat pernapasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :Pola nafas efektif setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 1
jam<br />
Kriteria hasil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RR 16-24 x
permenit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspansi
dada normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesak nafas
hilang / berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak suara
nafas abnormal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">intervensi :</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, irama, kedalaman pernapasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ frekuensi dan kedalaman
pernapasan menunjukan usaha pasien mendapatkan oksigen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
bunyi napas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bunyi napas mungkinterjadi redup karena penurunan aliran udara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau penurunan bunyi napas</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ penurunan bunyi napas
mengindikasikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertahankan
posisi semi fowler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ untuk mengurangi
sesak yang dialami klien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Catat kemajuan yang ada pada
klien tentang pernapasan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ mengindikasikan
adanya kemajuan dalam pengobatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan oksigen sesuai advis
Dokter</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memaksimalkan sediaan O<sub>2.</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan b/d hipoksia jaringan. Ditandai dengan peningkatan TIK,
nekrosis jaringan, pembengkakan jaringan otak, depresi SSP dan oedema.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :
gangguan perfusi jaringan berkurang/hilang setelah dilakukan tindakan
keperawatan selama 1 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada tanda
– tanda peningkatan TIK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanda – tanda
vital dalam batas normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak adanya
penurunan kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Catat status
neurologi secara teratur, bandingkan dengan nilai standart.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengkaji adanya kecenderungan pada tingkat
kesadaran dan potensial peningkatan TIK dan bermanfaat dalam menentukan lokasi,
dan perkembangan kerusakan SSP.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catat ada atau tidaknya refleks-refleks tertentu seperti refleks menelan,
batuk dan Babinski.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></i></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Penurunan refleks menandakan adanya kerusakan pada tingkat otak
tengah atau batang otak dan sangat berpengaruh langsung terhadap keamanan
pasien. Kehilangan refleks berkedip mengisyaratkan adanya kerusakan pada daerah
pons dan medulla. Tidak adanya refleks batuk meninjukkan adanya kerusakan pada
medulla. Refleks Babinski positif mengindikasikan adanya trauma sepanjang jalur
pyramidal pada otak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau tekanan darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ tekanan
darah yang menurun mengindikasikan terjadinya penurunan aliran darah ke seluruh
tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Perhatikan adanya
gelisah meningkat, tingkah laku yang tidak sesuai.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ adanya
gelisah menandakan bahwa terjadi penurunan aliran darah ke hipoksemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="SV">Tinggikan kepala
tempat tidur sekitar 15-45 derajat sesuai toleransi atau indikasi. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaga kepala pasien tetap berada pada posis netral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peningkatan aliran vena dari kepala akan menurunkan TIK.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan oksigen sesuai indikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurunkan hipoksemia, yang mana dapat meningkatkan vasodilatasi dan volume
darah serebral yang meningkatkan TIK.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko
tinggi injuri b/d penurunan kesadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : mencegah terjadinya resiko injury sehubungan
dengan penurunan kesadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : Pasien tidak mengalami injury.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
posisi dengan kepala lebih tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Memonilisasi rangsangan
yang dapat menurunkan TIK </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
tanda-tanda penurunan kesadara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Menentukan tindakan
keperawatan selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
TTV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Mengetahui keadaan pasien</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atur posisi
pasien untuk menghindari kerusakan karena tekanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Perubahan posisi secara
teratur menyebabkan penyebaran terhadap BB dan meningkatkan sirkulasi pada
seluruh bagian tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri bantuan
untuk melakukan latihan gerak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ melakukan mobilisasi fisik
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-45324922127897177412013-01-27T08:02:00.001-08:002013-01-27T08:02:14.480-08:00Askep Gadar Hipoglikemia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Askep Gadar
Hipoglikemia</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemia merupakan salah satu kegawatan diabetic
yang mengancam, sebagai akibat dari menurunnya kadar glukosa darah < 60
mg/dl. Adapun batasan hipoglikemia adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemia
murni : ada gejala hipoglikemi , glukosa darah < 60 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksi
hipoglikemia : gejala hipoglikemi bila gula darah turun mendadak, misalnya dari
400 mg/dl menjadi 150 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma
hipoglikemi : koma akibat gula darah < 30 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemi
reaktif : gejala hipoglikemi yang terjadi 3-5 jam sesudah makan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anatomi
fisiologi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan
Kadar Glukosa Darah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peristiwa
glukoneogenesis berperan penting dalam penyediaan energi bagi kebutuhan tubuh ,
khususnya sistem saraf dan peredaran darah (eritrosit). Kegagalan
glukoneogenesis berakibat FATAL, yaitu terjadinya DISFUNGSI OTAK yang berakibat
KOMA dan kematian. Hal ini terjadi bilamana kadar glukosa darah berada di bawah
nilai kristis. Nilai normal loboratoris dari glukosa dalam darah ialah : 65-110
ml/dl atau 3.6-6.1 mmol/L. Setelah penyerapan makanan kadar glukosa darah pada
manusia berkisar antara 4.5-5.5 mmol/L. Jika orang tersebut makan karbohidrat
kadarnya akan naik menjadi sekitar 6.5-7.2 mmol/L. Saat puasa kadar glukosa
darah turun berkisar 3.3-3.9 mmol/L.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan
kadar glukosa darah dilakukan melalui mekanisme metabolik dan hormonal.
Pengaturan tersebut termasuk bagian dari homeostatik. Aktivitas metabolik yang
mengatur kadar glukosa darah dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mutu dan jumlah glikokisis dan glukoneogenesis, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas enzim-enzim, seperti glokukinase dan
heksokinase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon penting yang memainkan peranan sentral dalam
pengaturan kadar glukosa darah adalah insulin. Insulin dihasikan dari sel-sel b
dari pulau –pulau langerhans pankreas dan disekresikan langsung ke dalam darah
sebagai reaksi langsung bila keadaan hiperglikemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses pelepasan insulin dari sel B pulau langerhans
Pankreas dijelaskan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Glukosa
dengan bebas dapat memasuki sel-sel B langerhans karena adanya Transporter glut
2. Glukosa kemudian difosforilasi oleh enzim glukokinase yang kadarnya tinggi.
Konsentrasi glukosa darah mempengaruhi kecepatan pembentukan ATP dari proses
glikolisis, glukoneogenesis, siklus kreb dan Electron Transport System di
mitokondria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peningkatan
produksi ATP akan menghambat pompa kalium (K+pump) sehingga membran dan
mendorong terjadinya eksositosis insulin. Selanjutnya insulin dibawa darah dan
mengubah glukosa yang kadarnya tinggi menjadi glikogen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Enzim yang
kerjanya berlawanan dengan insulin adalah glukoagon. Glukoagon dihasilkan
sel-sel A langerhans pankreas. Sekresi hormon ini distimulasi oleh keadaan
hipoglikemia. Bila glukoagon yang dibawa darah sampai di hepar maka akan
mengaktifkan kerja enzim fosforilase sehingga mendorong terjadinya
glukoneogenesis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Overdosis
insulin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan
sulfonylurea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas
fisik yang berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterlambatan
makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegagalan
ginjal, hati, alcohol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penurunan
respon hormonal (adrenergik)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti sebagian besar jaringan
lainnya, matabolisme otak terutama bergantung pada glukosa untuk digunakan
sebagai bahan bakar. Saat jumlah glukosa terbatas, otak dapat memperoleh
glukosa dari penyimpanan glikogen di astrosit, namun itu dipakai dalam beberapa
menit saja. Untuk melakukan kerja yang begitu banyak, otak sangat tergantung
pada suplai glukosa secara terus menerus dari darah ke dalam jaringan
interstitial dalam system saraf pusat dan saraf-saraf di dalam system saraf
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena itu, jika jumlah glukosa
yang di suplai oleh darah menurun, maka akan mempengaruhi juga kerja otak. Pada
kebanyakan kasus, penurunan mental seseorang telah dapat dilihat ketika gula
darahnya menurun hingga di bawah 65 mg/dl (3.6 mM). Saat kadar glukosa darah
menurun hingga di bawah 10 mg/dl (0.55 mM), sebagian besar neuron menjadi tidak
berfungsi sehingga dapat menghasilkan koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manifestasi
klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala-gejala hipoglikemia terdiri dari dua fase, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
: gejala-gejala akibat aktivasi pusat otonom di hipotalamus sehingga hormon
epinefrin masih dilepaskan. Gejala awal ini merupakan peringatan karena saat
itu pasien masih sadar sehingga dapat di ambil tindakan yang perlu untuk
mengatasi hipoglikemia lanjut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
: gejala-gejala yang terjadi akibat mulai terganggunya fungsi otak, karena itu
dinamakan gejala neurologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s. Pada awalnya
tubuh memberikan respon terhadap rendahnya kadar gula darah dengan melepasakan
epinefrin (adrenalin) dari kelenjar adrenal dan beberapa ujung saraf. Epinefrin
merangsang pelepasan gula dari cadangan tubuh tetapi jugamenyebabkan gejala
yang menyerupai serangan kecemasan (berkeringat, kegelisahan, gemetaran,
pingsan, jantung berdebar-debar dan kadang rasa lapar). Hipoglikemia yang lebih
berat menyebabkan berkurangnya glukosa ke otak dan menyebabkan pusing, bingung,
lelah, lemah, sakit kepala, perilaku yang tidak biasa, tidak mampu
berkonsentrasi, gangguan penglihatan, kejang dan koma. Hipoglikemia yang
berlangsung lama bisa menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang permanen. Gejala yang
menyerupai kecemasan maupun gangguan fungsi otak bisa terjadi secara perlahan
maupun secara tiba-tiba. Hal ini paling sering terjadi pada orang yang memakai
insulin atau obat hipoglikemik per-oral. Pada penderita tumor pankreas
penghasil insulin, gejalanya terjadi pada pagi hari setelah puasa semalaman,
terutama jika cadangan gula darah habis karena melakukan olah raga sebelum
sarapan pagi. Pada mulanya hanya terjadi serangan hipoglikemia sewaktu-waktu,
tetapi lama-lama serangan lebih sering terjadi dan lebih berat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
diagnostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prosedur
khusus: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntuk hipoglikemia reaktif tes toleransi glukosa postpradial oral 5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jam menunjukkan glukosa serum <50 mg/dl setelah 5 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawasan
di tempat tidur: peningkatan tekanan darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
laboratorium: glukosa serum <50 mg/dl, spesimen urin dua kali negatif terhadap
glukosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EKG:
Takikardia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk terapi hipoglikemik adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hipoglikemi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri pisang/ roti/ karbohidrat lain, bila gagal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri teh gula, bila gagal tetesi gula kental atau madu
dibawah lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma hipoglikemik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Injeksi glukosa 40% IV 25ml, infus glukosa 10%, bila
belum sadar dapat diulang setiap ½ jam sampai sadar (maksimum 6x), bila gagal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri injeksi efedrin bila tidak ada kontraindikasi
jantung dll 25-50 mg atau injeksi glukagon 1mg/IM, setelah gula darah stabil,
infus glukosa 10% dilepas bertahap dengan glukosa 5% stop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asuhan keperawatan gawat darurat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Airway
(jalan napas)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adanya sumbatan jalan napas. Terjadi karena adanya penurunan
kesadaran/koma sebagai akibat dari gangguan transport oksigen ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Breathing
(pernapasan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Circulation
(sirkulasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebas ,
kesemutan dibagian ekstremitas, keringat dingin, hipotermi, nadi lemah, tekanan
darah menurun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disability
(kesadaran)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi
penurunan kesadaran, karena kekurangan suplai nutrisi ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Exposure.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada exposure kita melakukan
pengkajian secara menyeluruh. Karena hipoglikemi adalah komplikasi dari
penyakit DM kemungkinan kita menemukan adanya luka/infeksi pada bagian tubuh
klien / pasien. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan Dan Fokus Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas b/d </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya benda asing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya
sumbatan jalan napas (lidah jatuh ke belakang, sputum) sehubungan dengan
penurunan kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya
sumbatan mempengaruhi proses respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, kedalaman pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berguna dalam evaluasi derajat distress pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji atau awasi
secara rutin kulit dan warna membrane mukosa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ sianosis
mungkin perifer (terlihat pada kuku) atau sentral (terlihat sekitar bibir atau
daun</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> telinga). Keabu-abuan dan sianosis sentral
mengindikasikan beratnya hipoksemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
bunyi napas, catat area penurunan aliran udara dan atau bunyi tambahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ bunyi napas
mungkin redup karena penurunan aliran udara. Adanya mengik mengindikasikan
spasme bronkus atau tertahannya secret. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Awasi tingkat
kesadaran atau status mental dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selidiki adanya perubahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Dapat
menunjukkan peningkatan hipoksia atau komplikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang spatel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merasa kekurangan oksigen dan napas tersengal – sengal , sianosis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pola napas
tidak efektif b/d adanya depresan pusat pernapasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :Pola nafas efektif setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 1
jam<br />
Kriteria hasil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RR 16-24 x
permenit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspansi
dada normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesak nafas
hilang / berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak suara
nafas abnormal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">intervensi :</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, irama, kedalaman pernapasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ frekuensi dan kedalaman
pernapasan menunjukan usaha pasien mendapatkan oksigen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
bunyi napas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bunyi napas mungkinterjadi redup karena penurunan aliran udara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau penurunan bunyi napas</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ penurunan bunyi napas
mengindikasikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertahankan
posisi semi fowler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ untuk mengurangi
sesak yang dialami klien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Catat kemajuan yang ada pada
klien tentang pernapasan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ mengindikasikan
adanya kemajuan dalam pengobatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan oksigen sesuai advis
Dokter</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memaksimalkan sediaan O<sub>2.</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan b/d hipoksia jaringan. Ditandai dengan peningkatan TIK,
nekrosis jaringan, pembengkakan jaringan otak, depresi SSP dan oedema.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :
gangguan perfusi jaringan berkurang/hilang setelah dilakukan tindakan
keperawatan selama 1 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada tanda
– tanda peningkatan TIK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanda – tanda
vital dalam batas normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak adanya
penurunan kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Catat status
neurologi secara teratur, bandingkan dengan nilai standart.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengkaji adanya kecenderungan pada tingkat
kesadaran dan potensial peningkatan TIK dan bermanfaat dalam menentukan lokasi,
dan perkembangan kerusakan SSP.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catat ada atau tidaknya refleks-refleks tertentu seperti refleks menelan,
batuk dan Babinski.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></i></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Penurunan refleks menandakan adanya kerusakan pada tingkat otak
tengah atau batang otak dan sangat berpengaruh langsung terhadap keamanan
pasien. Kehilangan refleks berkedip mengisyaratkan adanya kerusakan pada daerah
pons dan medulla. Tidak adanya refleks batuk meninjukkan adanya kerusakan pada
medulla. Refleks Babinski positif mengindikasikan adanya trauma sepanjang jalur
pyramidal pada otak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau tekanan darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ tekanan
darah yang menurun mengindikasikan terjadinya penurunan aliran darah ke seluruh
tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Perhatikan adanya
gelisah meningkat, tingkah laku yang tidak sesuai.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ adanya
gelisah menandakan bahwa terjadi penurunan aliran darah ke hipoksemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="SV">Tinggikan kepala
tempat tidur sekitar 15-45 derajat sesuai toleransi atau indikasi. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaga kepala pasien tetap berada pada posis netral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peningkatan aliran vena dari kepala akan menurunkan TIK.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan oksigen sesuai indikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurunkan hipoksemia, yang mana dapat meningkatkan vasodilatasi dan volume
darah serebral yang meningkatkan TIK.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko
tinggi injuri b/d penurunan kesadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : mencegah terjadinya resiko injury sehubungan
dengan penurunan kesadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : Pasien tidak mengalami injury.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
posisi dengan kepala lebih tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Memonilisasi rangsangan
yang dapat menurunkan TIK </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
tanda-tanda penurunan kesadara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Menentukan tindakan
keperawatan selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
TTV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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dan mempertahankan kekuatan sendi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-45167424259951629832013-01-27T08:01:00.005-08:002013-01-27T08:01:48.772-08:00Askep Gadar Hipoglikemia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Askep Gadar
Hipoglikemia</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemia merupakan salah satu kegawatan diabetic
yang mengancam, sebagai akibat dari menurunnya kadar glukosa darah < 60
mg/dl. Adapun batasan hipoglikemia adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemia
murni : ada gejala hipoglikemi , glukosa darah < 60 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksi
hipoglikemia : gejala hipoglikemi bila gula darah turun mendadak, misalnya dari
400 mg/dl menjadi 150 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma
hipoglikemi : koma akibat gula darah < 30 mg/dl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipoglikemi
reaktif : gejala hipoglikemi yang terjadi 3-5 jam sesudah makan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anatomi
fisiologi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan
Kadar Glukosa Darah </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peristiwa
glukoneogenesis berperan penting dalam penyediaan energi bagi kebutuhan tubuh ,
khususnya sistem saraf dan peredaran darah (eritrosit). Kegagalan
glukoneogenesis berakibat FATAL, yaitu terjadinya DISFUNGSI OTAK yang berakibat
KOMA dan kematian. Hal ini terjadi bilamana kadar glukosa darah berada di bawah
nilai kristis. Nilai normal loboratoris dari glukosa dalam darah ialah : 65-110
ml/dl atau 3.6-6.1 mmol/L. Setelah penyerapan makanan kadar glukosa darah pada
manusia berkisar antara 4.5-5.5 mmol/L. Jika orang tersebut makan karbohidrat
kadarnya akan naik menjadi sekitar 6.5-7.2 mmol/L. Saat puasa kadar glukosa
darah turun berkisar 3.3-3.9 mmol/L.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan
kadar glukosa darah dilakukan melalui mekanisme metabolik dan hormonal.
Pengaturan tersebut termasuk bagian dari homeostatik. Aktivitas metabolik yang
mengatur kadar glukosa darah dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mutu dan jumlah glikokisis dan glukoneogenesis, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas enzim-enzim, seperti glokukinase dan
heksokinase.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon penting yang memainkan peranan sentral dalam
pengaturan kadar glukosa darah adalah insulin. Insulin dihasikan dari sel-sel b
dari pulau –pulau langerhans pankreas dan disekresikan langsung ke dalam darah
sebagai reaksi langsung bila keadaan hiperglikemia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses pelepasan insulin dari sel B pulau langerhans
Pankreas dijelaskan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Glukosa
dengan bebas dapat memasuki sel-sel B langerhans karena adanya Transporter glut
2. Glukosa kemudian difosforilasi oleh enzim glukokinase yang kadarnya tinggi.
Konsentrasi glukosa darah mempengaruhi kecepatan pembentukan ATP dari proses
glikolisis, glukoneogenesis, siklus kreb dan Electron Transport System di
mitokondria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peningkatan
produksi ATP akan menghambat pompa kalium (K+pump) sehingga membran dan
mendorong terjadinya eksositosis insulin. Selanjutnya insulin dibawa darah dan
mengubah glukosa yang kadarnya tinggi menjadi glikogen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Enzim yang
kerjanya berlawanan dengan insulin adalah glukoagon. Glukoagon dihasilkan
sel-sel A langerhans pankreas. Sekresi hormon ini distimulasi oleh keadaan
hipoglikemia. Bila glukoagon yang dibawa darah sampai di hepar maka akan
mengaktifkan kerja enzim fosforilase sehingga mendorong terjadinya
glukoneogenesis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Overdosis
insulin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan
sulfonylurea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas
fisik yang berat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterlambatan
makanan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puasa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegagalan
ginjal, hati, alcohol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penurunan
respon hormonal (adrenergik)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti sebagian besar jaringan
lainnya, matabolisme otak terutama bergantung pada glukosa untuk digunakan
sebagai bahan bakar. Saat jumlah glukosa terbatas, otak dapat memperoleh
glukosa dari penyimpanan glikogen di astrosit, namun itu dipakai dalam beberapa
menit saja. Untuk melakukan kerja yang begitu banyak, otak sangat tergantung
pada suplai glukosa secara terus menerus dari darah ke dalam jaringan
interstitial dalam system saraf pusat dan saraf-saraf di dalam system saraf
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena itu, jika jumlah glukosa
yang di suplai oleh darah menurun, maka akan mempengaruhi juga kerja otak. Pada
kebanyakan kasus, penurunan mental seseorang telah dapat dilihat ketika gula
darahnya menurun hingga di bawah 65 mg/dl (3.6 mM). Saat kadar glukosa darah
menurun hingga di bawah 10 mg/dl (0.55 mM), sebagian besar neuron menjadi tidak
berfungsi sehingga dapat menghasilkan koma.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manifestasi
klinis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala-gejala hipoglikemia terdiri dari dua fase, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
: gejala-gejala akibat aktivasi pusat otonom di hipotalamus sehingga hormon
epinefrin masih dilepaskan. Gejala awal ini merupakan peringatan karena saat
itu pasien masih sadar sehingga dapat di ambil tindakan yang perlu untuk
mengatasi hipoglikemia lanjut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
: gejala-gejala yang terjadi akibat mulai terganggunya fungsi otak, karena itu
dinamakan gejala neurologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s. Pada awalnya
tubuh memberikan respon terhadap rendahnya kadar gula darah dengan melepasakan
epinefrin (adrenalin) dari kelenjar adrenal dan beberapa ujung saraf. Epinefrin
merangsang pelepasan gula dari cadangan tubuh tetapi jugamenyebabkan gejala
yang menyerupai serangan kecemasan (berkeringat, kegelisahan, gemetaran,
pingsan, jantung berdebar-debar dan kadang rasa lapar). Hipoglikemia yang lebih
berat menyebabkan berkurangnya glukosa ke otak dan menyebabkan pusing, bingung,
lelah, lemah, sakit kepala, perilaku yang tidak biasa, tidak mampu
berkonsentrasi, gangguan penglihatan, kejang dan koma. Hipoglikemia yang
berlangsung lama bisa menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang permanen. Gejala yang
menyerupai kecemasan maupun gangguan fungsi otak bisa terjadi secara perlahan
maupun secara tiba-tiba. Hal ini paling sering terjadi pada orang yang memakai
insulin atau obat hipoglikemik per-oral. Pada penderita tumor pankreas
penghasil insulin, gejalanya terjadi pada pagi hari setelah puasa semalaman,
terutama jika cadangan gula darah habis karena melakukan olah raga sebelum
sarapan pagi. Pada mulanya hanya terjadi serangan hipoglikemia sewaktu-waktu,
tetapi lama-lama serangan lebih sering terjadi dan lebih berat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
diagnostik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prosedur
khusus: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntuk hipoglikemia reaktif tes toleransi glukosa postpradial oral 5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jam menunjukkan glukosa serum <50 mg/dl setelah 5 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawasan
di tempat tidur: peningkatan tekanan darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
laboratorium: glukosa serum <50 mg/dl, spesimen urin dua kali negatif terhadap
glukosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EKG:
Takikardia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk terapi hipoglikemik adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hipoglikemi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri pisang/ roti/ karbohidrat lain, bila gagal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri teh gula, bila gagal tetesi gula kental atau madu
dibawah lidah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma hipoglikemik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Injeksi glukosa 40% IV 25ml, infus glukosa 10%, bila
belum sadar dapat diulang setiap ½ jam sampai sadar (maksimum 6x), bila gagal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri injeksi efedrin bila tidak ada kontraindikasi
jantung dll 25-50 mg atau injeksi glukagon 1mg/IM, setelah gula darah stabil,
infus glukosa 10% dilepas bertahap dengan glukosa 5% stop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asuhan keperawatan gawat darurat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Airway
(jalan napas)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adanya sumbatan jalan napas. Terjadi karena adanya penurunan
kesadaran/koma sebagai akibat dari gangguan transport oksigen ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Breathing
(pernapasan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Circulation
(sirkulasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebas ,
kesemutan dibagian ekstremitas, keringat dingin, hipotermi, nadi lemah, tekanan
darah menurun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disability
(kesadaran)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi
penurunan kesadaran, karena kekurangan suplai nutrisi ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Exposure.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada exposure kita melakukan
pengkajian secara menyeluruh. Karena hipoglikemi adalah komplikasi dari
penyakit DM kemungkinan kita menemukan adanya luka/infeksi pada bagian tubuh
klien / pasien. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan Dan Fokus Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas b/d </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya benda asing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya
sumbatan jalan napas (lidah jatuh ke belakang, sputum) sehubungan dengan
penurunan kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya
sumbatan mempengaruhi proses respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, kedalaman pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berguna dalam evaluasi derajat distress pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji atau awasi
secara rutin kulit dan warna membrane mukosa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ sianosis
mungkin perifer (terlihat pada kuku) atau sentral (terlihat sekitar bibir atau
daun</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> telinga). Keabu-abuan dan sianosis sentral
mengindikasikan beratnya hipoksemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
bunyi napas, catat area penurunan aliran udara dan atau bunyi tambahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ bunyi napas
mungkin redup karena penurunan aliran udara. Adanya mengik mengindikasikan
spasme bronkus atau tertahannya secret. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Awasi tingkat
kesadaran atau status mental dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selidiki adanya perubahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Dapat
menunjukkan peningkatan hipoksia atau komplikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang spatel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merasa kekurangan oksigen dan napas tersengal – sengal , sianosis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pola napas
tidak efektif b/d adanya depresan pusat pernapasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :Pola nafas efektif setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 1
jam<br />
Kriteria hasil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RR 16-24 x
permenit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspansi
dada normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesak nafas
hilang / berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak suara
nafas abnormal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">intervensi :</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, irama, kedalaman pernapasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ frekuensi dan kedalaman
pernapasan menunjukan usaha pasien mendapatkan oksigen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
bunyi napas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bunyi napas mungkinterjadi redup karena penurunan aliran udara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau penurunan bunyi napas</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ penurunan bunyi napas
mengindikasikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertahankan
posisi semi fowler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ untuk mengurangi
sesak yang dialami klien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Catat kemajuan yang ada pada
klien tentang pernapasan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ mengindikasikan
adanya kemajuan dalam pengobatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan oksigen sesuai advis
Dokter</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memaksimalkan sediaan O<sub>2.</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan b/d hipoksia jaringan. Ditandai dengan peningkatan TIK,
nekrosis jaringan, pembengkakan jaringan otak, depresi SSP dan oedema.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :
gangguan perfusi jaringan berkurang/hilang setelah dilakukan tindakan
keperawatan selama 1 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada tanda
– tanda peningkatan TIK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanda – tanda
vital dalam batas normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 75.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak adanya
penurunan kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Catat status
neurologi secara teratur, bandingkan dengan nilai standart.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengkaji adanya kecenderungan pada tingkat
kesadaran dan potensial peningkatan TIK dan bermanfaat dalam menentukan lokasi,
dan perkembangan kerusakan SSP.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catat ada atau tidaknya refleks-refleks tertentu seperti refleks menelan,
batuk dan Babinski.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></i></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Penurunan refleks menandakan adanya kerusakan pada tingkat otak
tengah atau batang otak dan sangat berpengaruh langsung terhadap keamanan
pasien. Kehilangan refleks berkedip mengisyaratkan adanya kerusakan pada daerah
pons dan medulla. Tidak adanya refleks batuk meninjukkan adanya kerusakan pada
medulla. Refleks Babinski positif mengindikasikan adanya trauma sepanjang jalur
pyramidal pada otak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau tekanan darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ tekanan
darah yang menurun mengindikasikan terjadinya penurunan aliran darah ke seluruh
tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Perhatikan adanya
gelisah meningkat, tingkah laku yang tidak sesuai.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ adanya
gelisah menandakan bahwa terjadi penurunan aliran darah ke hipoksemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="SV">Tinggikan kepala
tempat tidur sekitar 15-45 derajat sesuai toleransi atau indikasi. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaga kepala pasien tetap berada pada posis netral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peningkatan aliran vena dari kepala akan menurunkan TIK.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan oksigen sesuai indikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurunkan hipoksemia, yang mana dapat meningkatkan vasodilatasi dan volume
darah serebral yang meningkatkan TIK.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko
tinggi injuri b/d penurunan kesadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : mencegah terjadinya resiko injury sehubungan
dengan penurunan kesadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : Pasien tidak mengalami injury.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
posisi dengan kepala lebih tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Memonilisasi rangsangan
yang dapat menurunkan TIK </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
tanda-tanda penurunan kesadara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Menentukan tindakan
keperawatan selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
TTV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Mengetahui keadaan pasien</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atur posisi
pasien untuk menghindari kerusakan karena tekanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Perubahan posisi secara
teratur menyebabkan penyebaran terhadap BB dan meningkatkan sirkulasi pada
seluruh bagian tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri bantuan
untuk melakukan latihan gerak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ melakukan mobilisasi fisik
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-21073165069626031372012-12-04T00:53:00.002-08:002012-12-04T00:53:57.570-08:00BRONKOPNEUMONIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ASKEP
BRONKOPNEUMONIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronkpneumonia adalah suatu radang paru yang disebabkan oleh bermacam-macam
penyebab seperti bakteri, virus, jamur dan benda asing. (Ngastiyah. 2005 : 57)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronkopneumonia adalah suatu radang parenkim paru yang disebabkan oleh
bakteri, virus, jamur ataupun benda asing yang ditandai dengan gejala panas
yang tinggi, gelisah, dispnoe, nafas cepat dan dangkal, muntah, diare, batuk
kering dan produktif.(A.Aziz.Alimul Hidayat,2008 : 80)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronkopneumonia adalah salah satu jenis pneumonia yang mempunyai pola
penyebaran bercak, teratur dalam satu atau lebih area terlokalisasi di dalam
bronki dan meluas ke parenkim paru yang berdekatan disekitarnya. (Smeltzer,
Suzanne & Brenda G.Bare.2002: 572).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronkopneumonia adalah inflamasi paru dengan proses konsolidasi dan
eksudasi, akibat aspirasi bahan yang terinfeksi ke dalam paru-paru yang dimulai
disekitar bronkus dan bronkiolus. (Barbara F. Weller. 2005: 535)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronkopneumonia adalah terjadi pada ujung akhir bronkiolus yang tersumbat
oleh eksudat mukopurulen untuk membentuk bercak, konsolidasi dalam lobus yang
berada didekatnya. (Donna. L.Wong.2000: 460).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa Bronkopneumonia adalah
radang pada paru yang disebabkan bermacam-macam penyebab seperti virus,
bakteri, jamur dan benda asing yang ditandai dengan adanya bentuk bercak pada
paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ETIOLOGI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Broncopneumonia dapat disebabkan oleh: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bakteri=
streptococcus, straphylococcus, influenmza</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Virus=
legionella pneumonia, virus influenza</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jamur=
aspergilus, candida albicons</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspirasi
makanan, sekresi oropharing/isi lambung ke dalam paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kongesti paru
kronik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Flora
normal, hidrokarbon.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PATHOFISIOLOGI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronchopneumonia
selalu didahului oleh infeksi saluran nafas bagian atas yang disebabkan oleh
bakteri staphylococcus, Haemophillus influenzae atau karena aspirasi makanan
dan minuman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari saluran
pernafasan kemudian sebagian kuman tersebut masukl ke saluran pernafasan bagian
bawah dan menyebabkan terjadinya infeksi kuman di tempat tersebut, sebagian
lagi masuk ke pembuluh darah dan menginfeksi saluran pernafasan dengan ganbaran
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infeksi
saluran nafas bagian bawah menyebabkan tiga hal, yaitu dilatasi pembuluh darah
alveoli, peningkatan suhu, dan edema antara kapiler dan alveoli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspansi
kuman melalui pembuluh darah kemudian masuk ke dalam saluran pencernaan dan
menginfeksinya mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan flora normal dalam usus,
peristaltik meningkat akibat usus mengalami malabsorbsi dan kemudian terjadilah
diare yang beresiko terhadap gangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Soeparman, 1991)</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronchopneumonia
biasanya didahului oleh suatu infeksi di saluran pernafasan bagian atas selama
beberapa hari. Pada tahap awal, penderita bronchopneumonia mengalami tanda dan
gejala yang khas seperti menggigil, demam, nyeri dada pleuritis, batuk
produktif, hidung kemerahan, saat bernafas menggunakan otot aksesorius dan bisa
timbul sianosis. (Barbara C. long, 1996 :435)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Terdengar
adanya krekels di atas paru yang sakit dan terdengar ketika terjadi konsolidasi
(pengisian rongga udara oleh eksudat). (Sandra M. Nettina, 2001 : 683)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMERIKSAAN
PENUNJANG</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk dapat menegakkan diagnosa keperawatan dapat digunakan cara:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan Laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada kasus
bronchopneumonia oleh bakteri akan terjadi leukositosis (meningkatnya jumlah
neutrofil). (Sandra M. Nettina, 2001 : 684)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan sputum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pemeriksaan yang terbaik diperoleh dari batuk
yang spontan dan dalam. Digunakan untuk pemeriksaan mikroskopis dan untuk
kultur serta tes sensitifitas untuk mendeteksi agen infeksius. (Barbara C, Long,
1996 : 435)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisa gas darah untuk mengevaluasi status oksigenasi
dan status asam basa. (Sandra M. Nettina, 2001 : 684)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kultur darah untuk mendeteksi bakteremia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sampel darah, sputum, dan urin untuk tes imunologi
untuk mendeteksi antigen mikroba. (Sandra M. Nettina, 2001 : 684)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan Radiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rontgenogram Thoraks</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menunjukkan konsolidasi lobar yang seringkali dijumpai
pada infeksi pneumokokal atau klebsiella. Infiltrat multiple seringkali
dijumpai pada infeksi stafilokokus dan haemofilus. (Barbara C, Long, 1996 :
435)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laringoskopi/ bronkoskopi untuk menentukan apakah
jalan nafas tersumbat oleh benda padat. (Sandra M, Nettina, 2001)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antibiotic
seperti ; penisilin, eritromicin, kindomisin, dan sefalosforin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi
oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nebulizer,
untuk mengencerkandahak yang kental dan pemberian bronkodilator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istirahat
yang cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemoterafi
untuk mikoplasma pneumonia dapat diberikan eritromicin 4x 500 mg/ hari atau
tetrasiklin 3-4 x 500mg/ hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KOMPLIKASI
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atelektasis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengembangan
paru yang tidak sempurna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emfisema<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terdapatnya
pus pada rongga pleura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abses paru<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengumpulan
pus pada jaringan paru yang meradang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infeksi
sistomik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Endokarditis
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peradangan pada endokardium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt 42.55pt 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meningitis
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peradangan
pada selaput otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KONSEP DASAR ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENGKAJIAN
KEPERAWATAN.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Identitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat
Keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluhan utama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak sangat gelisah, dispnea, pernapasan cepat dan
dangkal, diserai pernapasan cuping hidupng, serta sianosis sekitar hidung dan
mulut. Kadang disertai muntah dan diare.atau diare, tinja berdarah dengan atau
tanpa lendir, anoreksia dan muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat penyakit sekarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bronkopneumonia biasanya didahului oleh infeksi
saluran pernapasan bagian atas selama beberapa hari. Suhu tubuh dapat naik
sangat mendadak sampai 39-40<sup>o</sup>C dan kadang disertai kejang karena
demam yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat penyakit dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pernah menderita penyakit infeksi yang menyebabkan
sistem imun menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anggota keluarga lain yang menderita penyakit infeksi
saluran pernapasan dapat menularkan kepada anggota keluarga yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Wilson dan Thompson, 1990 pneumonia sering
terjadi pada musim hujan dan awal musim semi. Selain itu pemeliharaan ksehatan
dan kebersihan lingkungan yang kurang juga bisa menyebabkan anak menderita
sakit. Lingkungan pabrik atau banyak asap dan debu ataupun lingkungan dengan
anggota keluarga perokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imunisasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak yang tidak mendapatkan imunisasi beresiko tinggi
untuk mendapat penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan atas atau bawah karena
system pertahanan tubuh yang tidak cukup kuat untuk melawan infeksi sekunder.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nutrisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat gizi buruk atau meteorismus (malnutrisi energi
protein = MEP).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
persistem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem kardiovaskuler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Takikardi,
iritability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesak napas, retraksi dada, melaporkan anak sulit
bernapas, pernapasan cuping hdidung, ronki, wheezing, takipnea, batuk produktif
atau non produktif, pergerakan dada asimetris, pernapasan tidak teratur/ireguler,
kemungkinan friction rub, perkusi redup pada daerah terjadinya konsolidasi, ada
sputum/sekret. Orang tua cemas dengan keadaan anaknya yang bertambah sesak dan
pilek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pencernaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak malas minum atau makan, muntah, berat badan menurun,
lemah. Pada orang tua yang dengan tipe keluarga anak pertama, mungkin belum
memahami tentang tujuan dan cara pemberian makanan/cairan personde.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem eliminasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak atau bayi menderita diare, atau dehidrasi, orang
tua mungkin belum memahami alasan anak menderita diare sampai terjadi dehidrasi
(ringan sampai berat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem saraf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demam, kejang, sakit kepala yang ditandai dengan
menangis terus pada anak-anak atau malas minum, ubun-ubun cekung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem lokomotor/muskuloskeletal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tonus otot menurun, lemah secara umum, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem endokrin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak ada kelainan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem integumen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Turgor kulit menurun, membran mukosa kering, sianosis,
pucat, akral hangat, kulit kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem penginderaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak ada kelainan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan nafas berhubungan
dengan peningkatan produksi sputum ditandai dengan adanya ronchi, dan
ketidakefektifan batuk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan pertukaran gas berhubungan dengan proses
infeksi pada jaringan paru (perubahan membrane alveoli) ditandai dengan
sianosis, PaO<sub>2</sub> menurun, sesak nafas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipertermi berhubungan dengan inflamasi terhadap
infeksi saluran nafas ditandai dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh, mengigil, akral
teraba panas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan
peningkatan metabolisme sekunder terhadap demam dan proses infeksi ditandai
dengan nafsu makan menurun, BB turun, mual dan muntah, turgor kulit tidak
elastis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intoleransi aktivitas berhubungan dengan
ketidakseimbangan antara suplai O2 dengan kebutuhan oksigen ditandai dengan
tidak mampu berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan sehari-hari sesuai kemampuan tanpa
bantuan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko tinggi kekurangan volume cairan berhubungan
dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh,kehilangan cairan karena berkeringat banyak,
muntah atau diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko infeksi berhubungan dengan resiko terpajan
bakteri patogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">INTERVENSI </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dx. Ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan nafas berhubungan
dengan peningkatan produksi sputum ditandai dengan adanya ronchi, dan
ketidakefektifan batuk. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">setelah dilakukan asuhan keperawatan selama (…x…)
diharapkan jalan nafas pasien efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">criteria
hasil : </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jalan nafas paten</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada bunyi nafas tambahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak sesak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RR normal (35-40x/menit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada penggunaan otot bantu nafas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada pernafasan cuping hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
TTV terutama respiratory rate</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Member informasi tentang pola pernafasan pasien,
tekanan darah, nadi, suhu pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi
area dada atau paru, catat hasil pemeriksaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Crekcels,
ronkhi dan mengi dapat terdengar saat inspirasi dan ekspirasi pada tempat
konsolidasi sputum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latih pasien
batuk efektif dan nafas dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Memudahkan
bersihan jalan nafas dan ekspansi maksimum paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan
suction sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Mengeluarkan
sputum pada pasien tidak sadar atau tidak mampu batuk efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi
posisi semifowler atau supinasi dengan elevasi kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Meningkatkan
ekspansi paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
pasien minum air hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Air hangat dapat memudahkan pengeluaran secret</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bantu
mengawasi efek pengobatan nebulizer dan fisioterapi nafas lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Memudahkan
pengenceran dan pembuangan secret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan obat
sesuai indikasi, seperti mukolitik, ekspektoran, bronkodilator, analgesic </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Proses
medikamentosa dan membantu mengurangi bronkospasme</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan O<sub>2
</sub>lembab sesuai indikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Mengurangi
distress respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dx. Gangguan pertukaran gas berhubungan dengan proses
infeksi pada jaringan paru (perubahan membrane alveoli) ditandai dengan
sianosis, PaO<sub>2</sub> menurun, sesak nafas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">setelah dilakukan asuhan (..x..) diharapkan ventilasi
pasien tidak terganggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kriteria Hasil
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GDA dalam rentang normal ( PO2 = 80 – 100 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PCO2 = 35 – 45 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pH = 7,35 – 7,45, SaO2 = 95 – 99 %)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada sianosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasien tidak sesak dan rileks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
frekuensi, kedalaman, kemudahan bernapas pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Memberi informasi tentang pernapasan pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
warna kulit, membran mukosa bibir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebiruan
menunjukkan sianosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
lingkungan sejuk, nyaman, ventilasi cukup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Untuk membuat pasien lebih nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tinggikan
kepala, anjurkan napas dalam dan batuk efektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Meningkatkan inspirasi dan pengeluaran sekret</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertahankan
istirahat tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Mencegah terlalu letih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasikan
pemberian oksigen dan pemeriksaan lab (GDA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Mengevaluasi proses penyakit dan mengurangi distres
respirasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipertermi berhubungan dengan inflamasi terhadap
infeksi saluran nafas ditandai dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh, mengigil, akral
teraba panas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : diharapkan suhu pasien turun atau normal
(36,5 – 37,5</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">°</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria Hasil : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasien tidak gelisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasien tidak menggigil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">akral teraba hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">warna kulit tidak ada kemerahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji suhu
tubuh pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Data untuk menentukan intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertahankan
lingkungan tetap sejuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Menurunkan suhu tubuh secara radiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
kompres hangat basah pada ketiak, lipatan paha, kening (untuk sugesti)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Menurunkan suhu tubuh secara konduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
pasien untuk banyak minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Peningkatan suhu tubuh mengakibatkan penguapan
cairan tubuh meningkat, sehingga diimbangi dengan intake cairan yang banyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
mengenakan pakaian yang minimal atau tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Pakaian yang tipis mengurangi penguapan cairan
tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
antipiretik sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Antipiretik efektif untuk menurunkan demam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
antimikroba jika disarankan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ Mengobati organisme penyebab</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan
peningkatan metabolisme sekunder terhadap demam dan proses infeksi ditandai
dengan nafsu makan menurun, BB turun, mual dan muntah, turgor kulit tidak
elastis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : diharapkan kebutuhan nutrisi pasien adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria Hasil : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">nafsu makan pasien meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BB pasien ideal, mual muntal berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">turgor kulit elastis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasien tidak lemas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
penyebab mual muntah pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Untuk
menentukan intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
perawatan mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Mulut yang
bersih meningkatkan nafsu makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bantu pasien
membuang atau mengeluarkan sputum sesering mungkin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Sputum
dapat menyebabkan bau mulut yang nantinya dapat menurunkan nafsu makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
untuk menyajikan makanan dalam keadaan hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Membantu
meningkatkan nafsu makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
pasien makan sedikit tapi sering</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Meningkatkan
intake makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasikan
untuk memilih makanan yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan gizi selama sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Memenuhi
gizi dan nutrisi sesuai dengan keadaan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intoleransi aktivitas berhubungan dengan
ketidakseimbangan antara suplai O2 dengan kebutuhan oksigen ditandai dengan
tidak mampu berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan sehari-hari sesuai kemampuan tanpa
bantuan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>setelah
diberikan asuhan keperawatan diharapkan toleransi pasien terhadap aktifitas
meningkat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria Hasil <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pasien mampu berpartisipasi dalam
kegiatan sehari – hari sesuai kemampuan tanpa bantuan, pasien mampu
mempraktekkan teknik, penghematan energy, TTV stabil (S = 36,5°C – 37,5°C, N =
75 – 100x/menit, RR = 35 -40 x/ menit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi
tingkat kelemahan dan toleransi pasien dalam melakukan kegiatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Sebagai informsdi dalam menentukan intervensi
selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
lingkungan yang tenang dan periode istirahat tanpa ganguan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Menghemat energy untuk aktifitas dan penyembuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bantu pasien
dalam melakukan aktifitas sesuai dengan kebutuhannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oksigen yang meningkat akibat aktifitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
oksigen tambahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Mengadekuatkan
persediaan oksigen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko tinggi kekurangan volume cairan berhubungan
dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh,kehilangan cairan karena berkeringat banyak,
muntah atau diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah dilakukan asuhan keperawatan diharapkan
volume cairan tubuh pasien seimbang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membrane mukosa pasien lembab, turgor kulit
baik, pengisian capiler cepat / < 3detik, input dan output seimbang, pasien
tidak muntah. Pasien tidak diare, TTV normal (S = 36,5°C – 37,5°C, N = 75 –
100x/menit, RR = 35 -40 x/ menit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
TTV @ 2- 4 jam, kaji turgor kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan suhu menunjukkan peningkatan
metabolic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau
intake dan output cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengidentifikasi kekurangan volume cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
pasien minum air yang banyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Menurunkan
resiko dehidrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan
terapi intravena seperti infuse sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melengkapi kebutuhan cairan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang NGT
sesuai indikasi untuk pemasukan cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membantu memenuhi cairan bila tidak bias
dilakukan secara oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko infeksi berhubungan dengan resiko terpajan
bakteri patogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah
dilakukan asuhan keperawatan diharapkan infeksi tidak terjadi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria Hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>K</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lien bebas dari
tanda dan gejala infeksi, menunjukkan kemampuan untuk mencegah timbulnya
infeksi, j</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">umlah leukosit dalam batas normal, menunjukkan perilaku hidup sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji suhu badan 8 jam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mendeteksi
adanya tanda dari infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Monitor tanda dan gejala infeksi sistemik dan lokal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mempermudah
untuk penanganan jika infeksi terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inspeksi kulit dan membran mukosa terhadap kemerahan, panas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Panas,
kemerahan merupakan tanda dari infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ajarkan pasien dan keluarga tanda dan gejala infeksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan melibatkan keluarga tanda infeksi lebih
cepat diketahui</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan terapi antibiotik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Antibiotik
efektif untuk mencegah penyebaran bakteri</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dongoes. Marlym.2000.<i>Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan</i>.
Edisi 3 Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Smeltzer,
Suzanne.2000. <i>Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal bedah</i>.Vol 1.Jakarta : EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 126.0pt center 234.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zul Dahlan
.2000.<i>Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Edisi III</i>. Jakarta : Balai penerbit FK
UL</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rcevers,Chalene.
J et all.2000.<i>Keperawatan medical Bedah</i>. Jakarta: Salemba Medika </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-67507256153069133722012-11-08T20:29:00.002-08:002013-01-20T19:30:49.184-08:00ISPA<a href="http://askep-bronkopneumonia/">askep bronkopnemounia</a><br />
<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA NEONATUS </span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN </span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Infeksi saluran pernafasan adalah suatu keadaan dimana saluran
pernafasan (hidung, pharing dan laring) mengalami inflamasi yang menyebabkan
terjadinya obstruksi jalan nafas dan akan menyebabkan retraksi dinding dada
pada saat melakukan pernafasan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Pincus
Catzel & Ian Roberts; 1990; 450).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Infeksi saluran nafas adalah penurunan kemampuan pertahanan alami
jalan nafas dalam menghadapi organisme asing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Whaley and Wong; 1991; 1418)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Angka kejadian dan diagnosis</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada rumah sakit umum yang telah menjadi rumah sakit rujukan
terdapat 8,76 %-30,29% bayi dan neonatal yang masih mengalami infeksi dengan
angka kematian mencapai 11,56%-49,9%. Pengembangan perawatan yang canggih
mengundang masalah baru yakni meningkatnya infeksi nosokomial yang biasanya
diakhiri dengan keadaan septisemia yang berakhir dengan kematian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Victor dan Hans; 1997; 220)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diagnosis dari penyakit ini adalah melakukan kultur (biakan kuman)
dengan swab sebagai mediator untuk menunjukkan adanya kuman di dalam saluran
pernafasan. Pada hitung jenis (leukosit) kurang membantu sebab pada hitung
jenis ini tidak dapat membedakan penyebab dari infeksi yakni yang berasal dari
virus atau streptokokus karena keduanya dapat menyebabkan terjadinya
leukositosis polimorfonuklear <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Pincus
Catzel & Ian Roberts; 1990; 453)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Etiologi dan karakteristik</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Infeksi saluran pernafasan adalah suatu
penyakit yang mempunyai angka kejadian yang cukup tinggi. Penyebab dari
penyakit ini adalah infeksi agent/ kuman. Disamping itu terdapat beberapa
faktor yang turut mempengaruhi yaitu; usia dari bayi/ neonatus, ukuran dari
saluran pernafasan, daya tahan tubuh anak tersebut terhadap penyakit serta
keadaan cuaca <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Whaley and Wong; 1991;
1419)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Agen infeksi adalah virus atau kuman yang
merupakan penyebab dari terjadinya infeksi saluran pernafasan. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> beberapa jenis kuman yang merupakan
penyebab utama yakni golongan A </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span></span><span lang="EN-US">-hemolityc
streptococus, staphylococus, haemophylus influenzae, clamydia trachomatis,
mycoplasma dan pneumokokus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Usia bayi atau neonatus, pada anak yang
mendapatkan air susu ibu angka kejadian pada usia dibawah 3 bulan rendah karena
mendapatkan imunitas dari air susu ibu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ukuran dari lebar penampang dari saluran
pernafasan turut berpengaruh didalam derajat keparahan penyakit. Karena dengan
lobang yang semakin sempit maka dengan adanya edematosa maka akan tertutup
secara keseluruhan dari jalan nafas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kondisi klinis secara umum turut
berpengaruh dalam proses terjadinya infeksi antara lain malnutrisi, anemia,
kelelahan. Keadaan yang terjadi secara langsung mempengaruhi saluran pernafasan
yaitu alergi, asthma serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kongesti
paru. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Infeksi saluran pernafasan biasanya terjadi
pada saat terjadi perubahan musim, tetapi juga biasa terjadi pada musim dingin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Whaley and Wong; 1991; 1420).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Manifestasi klinis</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit ini biasanya dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk adanya demam,
adanya obstruksi hisung dengan sekret yang encer sampai dengan membuntu saluran
pernafasan, bayi menjadi gelisah dan susah atau bahkan sama sekali tidak mau
minum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Pincus Catzel & Ian Roberts;
1990; 451).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Terapi dan Penatalaksanaan</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tujuan utama dilakukan terapi adalah menghilangkan adanya obstruksi
dan adanya kongesti hidung pergunakanlah selang dalam melakukan penghisaapan
lendir baik melalui hidung maupun melalui mulut. Terapi pilihan adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dekongestan</i> dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pseudoefedrin hidroklorida</i> tetes pada lobang hidung, serta obat
yang lain seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">analgesik</i> serta <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">antipiretik</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Antibiotik</i> tidak dianjurkan kecuali ada komplikasi purulenta pada
sekret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penatalaksanaan pada bayi dengan pilek sebaiknya dirawat pada posisi
telungkup, dengan demikian sekret dapat mengalir dengan lancar sehingga
drainase sekret akan lebih mudah keluar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Pincus
Catzel & Ian Roberts; 1990; 452).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosis banding</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan ini mempunyai beberapa diagnosis
banding yaitu difteri, mononukleosis infeksiosa dan agranulositosis yang semua
penyakit diatas memiliki manifestasi klinis nyeri tenggorokan dan terbentuknya
membrana. Mereka masing-masing dibedakan melalui biakan kultur melalui swab,
hitungan darah dan test Paul-bunnell. Pada infeksi yang disebabkan oleh
streptokokus manifestasi lain yang muncul adalah nyeri abdomen akuta yang
sering disertai dengan muntah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Pincus
Catzel & Ian Roberts; 1990; 454)</i>.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tanda dan gejala yang muncul</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Demam</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, pada neonatus mungkin jarang
terjadi tetapi gejala demam muncul jika anak sudah mencaapai usia 6 bulan
sampai dengan 3 tahun. Seringkali demam muncul sebagai tanda pertama terjadinya
infeksi. Suhu tubuh bisa mencapai 39,5<sup>O</sup>C-40,5<sup>O</sup>C. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Meningismus</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, adalah tanda meningeal
tanpa adanya infeksi pada meningens, biasanya terjadi selama periodik bayi
mengalami panas, gejalanya adalah nyeri kepala, kaku dan nyeri pada punggung
serta kuduk, terdapatnya tanda <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kernig</i>
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">brudzinski</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Anorexia</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, biasa terjadi pada semua bayi
yang mengalami sakit. Bayi akan menjadi susah minum dan bhkan tidak mau minum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Vomiting</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, biasanya muncul dalam periode
sesaat tetapi juga bisa selama bayi tersebut mengalami sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diare (mild transient diare)</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, seringkali
terjadi mengiringi infeksi saluran pernafasan akibat infeksi virus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Abdominal pain</span></i><span lang="EN-US">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nyeri pada abdomen mungkin disebabkan karena
adanya lymphadenitis mesenteric.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Sumbatan pada jalan nafas/ Nasal</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, pada
saluran nafas yang sempit akan lebih mudah tersumbat oleh karena banyaknya
sekret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Batuk</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, merupakan tanda umum dari
tejadinya infeksi saluran pernafasan, mungkin tanda ini merupakan tanda akut
dari terjadinya infeksi saluran pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Suara nafas</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, biasa terdapat wheezing,
stridor, crackless, dan tidak terdapatnya suara pernafasan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Whaley and Wong; 1991; 1419).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengkajian terutama pada jalan
nafas</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fokus utama pada pengkajian pernafasan ini
adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pola, kedalaman, usaha serta irama
dari pernafasan.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pola</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, cepat (tachynea)
atau normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Kedalaman,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> nafas normal,
dangkal atau terlalu dalam yang biasanya dapat kita amati melalui pergerakan
rongga dada dan pergerakan abdomen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Usaha,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> kontinyu,
terputus-putus, atau tiba-tiba berhenti disertai dengan adanya bersin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Irama pernafasan,</span></i><span lang="EN-US">
bervariasi tergantung pada pola dan kedalaman pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Observasi lainya adalah terjadinya infeksi
yang biasanya ditandai dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh, adanya batuk, suara nafas
wheezing. Bisa juga didapati adanya cyanosis, nyeri pada rongga dada dan
peningkatan produksi dari sputum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Whaley
and Wong; 1991; 1420).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan penunjang</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan
penunjang yang lazim dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan kultur/ biakan kuman (swab);
hasil yang didapatkan adalah biakan kuman (+) sesuai dengan jenis kuman,
pemeriksaan hitung darah (deferential count); laju endap darah meningkat
disertai dengan adanya leukositosis dan bisa juga disertai dengan adanya
thrombositopenia dan pemeriksaan foto thoraks jika diperlukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Victor dan Hans; 1997; 224)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa keperawatan yang
mungkin muncul, tujuan dan intervensi</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketidakefektifan pola nafas
berhubungan dengan proses inflamasi pada saluran pernafasan, nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan: </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pola nafas
kembali efektif dengan kriteria: usaha nafas kembali normal dan meningkatnya
suplai oksigen ke paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan posisi yang nyaman
sekaligus dapat mengeluarkan sekret dengan mudah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ciptakan dan pertahankan jalan
nafas yang bebas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan pada keluarga untuk
membawakan baju yang lebih longgar, tipis serta menyerap keringat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan O<sub>2</sub> dan
nebulizer sesuai dengan instruksi dokter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan obat sesuai dengan
instruksi dokter (bronchodilator).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi tanda vital, adanya
cyanosis, serta pola, kedalaman dalam pernafasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan
nafas berhubungan dengan obstruksi mekanik dari jalan nafas oleh sekret, proses
inflamasi, peningkatan produksi sekret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bebasnya jalan
nafas dari hambatan sekret dengan kriteria: jalan nafas yang bersih dan patent,
meningkatnya pengeluaran sekret. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan penyedotan sekret jika
diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cegah jangan sampai terjadi
posisi hiperextensi pada leher.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan posisi yang nyaman dan
mencegah terjadinya aspirasi sekret (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">semiprone</i>
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">side lying position</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan nebulizer sesuai
instruksi dokter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan untuk tidak memberikan
minum agar tidak terjadi aspirasi selama periode tachypnea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dengan dokter dalam
pemberian cairan perparenteral yang adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan kelembaban udara yang
cukup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi pengeluaran sekret
dan tanda vital. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cemas berhubungan dengan
penyakit yang dialami oleh anak, hospitalisasi pada anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurunnya
kecemasan yang dialami oleh orang tua dengan kriteria: keluarga sudah tidak
sering bertanya kepada petugas dan mau terlibat secara aktif dalam merawat
anaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan informasi secukupnya
kepada orang tua (perawatan dan pengobatan yang diberikan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan dorongan secara moril
kepada orang tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jelaskan terapi yang diberikan
dan respon anak terhadap terapi yang diberikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan kepada keluarga agar
bertanya jika melihat hal-hal yang kurang dimengerti/ tidak jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan kepada keluarga agar
terlibat secara langsung dan aktif dalam perawatan anaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi tingkat kecemasan
yang dialami oleh keluarga.</span></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Catzel, Pincus & Ian robets. (1990). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kapita Seleta Pediatri Edisi II</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> alih bahasa oleh Dr. yohanes gunawan.
Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Whalley & wong. (1991). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nursing Care of Infant and Children Volume
II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>book 1</i></b>. USA: CV. Mosby-Year
book. Inc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Yu. H.Y. Victor & Hans E. Monintja. (1997). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Beberapa Masalah Perawatan
Intensif Neonatus</i></b>. Jakarta: Balai penerbit FKUI.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-6653012156631431792012-11-08T20:23:00.001-08:002012-11-08T20:23:25.134-08:00IKTERUS
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">IKTERUS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">A.
Batasan-Batasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikterus Fisiologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ikterus pada neonatus tidak selamanya patologis. Ikterus fisiologis
adalah Ikterus yang memiliki karakteristik sebagai berikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hanifa, 1987):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Timbul pada hari kedua-ketiga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kadar Biluirubin Indirek
setelah 2 x 24 jam tidak melewati 15 mg% pada neonatus cukup bulan dan 10 mg %
pada kurang bulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kecepatan peningkatan kadar
Bilirubin tak melebihi 5 mg % per hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kadar Bilirubin direk kurang
dari 1 mg %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikterus hilang pada 10 hari
pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak terbukti mempunyai
hubungan dengan keadan patologis tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikterus
Patologis/Hiperbilirubinemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Adalah suatu keadaan dimana kadar Bilirubin dalam darah mencapai
suatu nilai yang mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan Kern Ikterus kalau tidak
ditanggulangi dengan baik, atau mempunyai hubungan dengan keadaan yang
patologis. Brown menetapkan Hiperbilirubinemia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bila kadar Bilirubin mencapai 12 mg% pada cukup bulan, dan 15 mg % pada
bayi kurang bulan. Utelly menetapkan 10 mg% dan 15 mg%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kern Ikterus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Adalah suatu kerusakan otak akibat perlengketan Bilirubin Indirek
pada otak terutama pada Korpus Striatum, Talamus, Nukleus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subtalamus, Hipokampus, Nukleus merah , dan
Nukleus pada dasar Ventrikulus IV.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">D.
Etiologi</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan
produksi :</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hemolisis, misal pada
Inkompatibilitas yang terjadi bila terdapat ketidaksesuaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>golongan darah dan anak pada penggolongan
Rhesus dan ABO.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pendarahan tertutup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>misalnya pada trauma kelahiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikatan Bilirubin dengan protein
terganggu seperti gangguan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolik
yang terdapat pada bayi Hipoksia atau Asidosis .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Defisiensi G6PD/ Glukosa 6
Phospat Dehidrogenase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikterus ASI yang disebabkan
oleh dikeluarkannya pregnan 3 (alfa), 20 (beta) , diol (steroid).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurangnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enzim Glukoronil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transeferase , sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kadar Bilirubin Indirek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkat misalnya pada berat lahir rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kelainan kongenital (Rotor
Sindrome) dan Dubin Hiperbilirubinemia.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan
transportasi akibat penurunan kapasitas pengangkutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>misalnya pada Hipoalbuminemia atau
karena pengaruh obat-obat tertentu misalnya Sulfadiasine.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan
fungsi Hati yang disebabkan oleh beberapa mikroorganisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau toksion yang dapat langsung merusak
sel hati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan darah merah seperti
Infeksi , Toksoplasmosis, Siphilis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan
ekskresi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang terjadi intra atau
ekstra Hepatik.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan
sirkulasi Enterohepatik misalnya pada Ileus Obstruktif</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">E .
Metabolisme Bilirubin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segera setelah lahir bayi harus
mengkonjugasi Bilirubin (merubah Bilirubin yang larut dalam lemak menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilirubin yang mudah larut dalam air) di
dalam hati. Frekuensi dan jumlah konjugasi tergantung dari besarnya hemolisis
dan kematangan hati, serta jumlah tempat ikatan Albumin (Albumin binding site).
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada bayi yang normal dan sehat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta cukup bulan, hatinya sudah matang dan
menghasilkan Enzim Glukoronil Transferase yang memadai sehingga serum Bilirubin
tidak mencapai tingkat patologis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">.
Patofisiologi Hiperbilirubinemia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan
kadar Bilirubin tubuh dapat terjadi pada beberapa keadaan . Kejadian yang
sering ditemukan adalah apabila terdapat penambahan beban Bilirubin pada sel
Hepar yang berlebihan. Hal ini dapat ditemukan bila terdapat peningkatan
penghancuran Eritrosit, Polisitemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gangguan pemecahan Bilirubin plasma
juga dapat menimbulkan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin tubuh. Hal ini dapat terjadi
apabila kadar protein Y dan Z berkurang, atau pada bayi Hipoksia, Asidosis.
Keadaan lain yang memperlihatkan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin adalah apabila
ditemukan gangguan konjugasi Hepar atau neonatus yang mengalami gangguan ekskresi
misalnya sumbatan saluran empedu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada derajat tertentu Bilirubin ini
akan bersifat toksik dan merusak jaringan tubuh. Toksisitas terutama ditemukan
pada Bilirubin Indirek yang bersifat sukar larut dalam air tapi mudah larut
dalam lemak. sifat ini memungkinkan terjadinya efek patologis pada sel otak
apabila Bilirubin tadi dapat menembus sawar darah otak. Kelainan yang terjadi
pada otak disebut Kernikterus. Pada umumnya dianggap bahwa kelainan pada saraf
pusat tersebut mungkin akan timbul apabila kadar Bilirubin Indirek lebih
dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20 mg/dl.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mudah tidaknya kadar Bilirubin
melewati sawar darah otak ternyata tidak hanya tergantung pada keadaan
neonatus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilirubin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indirek akan mudah melalui sawar darah otak
apabila bayi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat keadaan Berat
Badan Lahir Rendah , Hipoksia, dan Hipoglikemia ( AH, Markum,1991).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">G.
Penata Laksanaan Medis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pada penyebabnya, maka
manejemen bayi dengan Hiperbilirubinemia diarahkan untuk mencegah anemia dan
membatasi efek dari Hiperbilirubinemia. Pengobatan mempunyai tujuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menghilangkan Anemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menghilangkan Antibodi Maternal
dan Eritrosit Tersensitisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan Badan Serum
Albumin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menurunkan Serum Bilirubin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode therapi pada
Hiperbilirubinemia meliputi : Fototerapi, Transfusi Pengganti, Infus Albumin dan
Therapi Obat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Fototherapi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fototherapi dapat digunakan sendiri
atau dikombinasi dengan Transfusi Pengganti untuk menurunkan Bilirubin.
Memaparkan neonatus pada cahaya dengan intensitas yang tinggi ( a boun of
fluorencent light bulbs or bulbs in the blue-light spectrum) akan menurunkan
Bilirubin dalam kulit. Fototherapi menurunkan kadar Bilirubin dengan cara
memfasilitasi eksresi Biliar Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi. Hal ini terjadi jika
cahaya yang diabsorsi jaringan mengubah Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi menjadi dua
isomer yang disebut Fotobilirubin. Fotobilirubin bergerak dari jaringan ke
pembuluh darah melalui mekanisme difusi. Di dalam darah Fotobilirubin berikatan
dengan Albumin dan dikirim ke Hati. Fotobilirubin kemudian bergerak ke Empedu
dan diekskresi ke dalam Deodenum untuk dibuang bersama feses tanpa proses
konjugasi oleh Hati (Avery dan Taeusch 1984). Hasil Fotodegradasi terbentuk
ketika sinar mengoksidasi Bilirubin dapat dikeluarkan melalui urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fototherapi mempunyai peranan dalam
pencegahan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin, tetapi tidak dapat mengubah penyebab
Kekuningan dan Hemolisis dapat menyebabkan Anemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara umum Fototherapi harus
diberikan pada kadar Bilirubin Indirek 4 -5 mg / dl. Neonatus yang sakit dengan
berat badan kurang dari 1000 gram harus di Fototherapi dengan konsentrasi
Bilirubun 5 mg / dl. Beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilmuan
mengarahkan untuk memberikan Fototherapi Propilaksis pada 24 jam pertama pada
Bayi Resiko Tinggi dan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tranfusi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengganti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transfusi
Pengganti atau Imediat diindikasikan adanya faktor-faktor :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Titer anti Rh lebih dari <st1:time hour="13" minute="16" w:st="on">1 : 16</st1:time> pada ibu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit Hemolisis berat pada
bayi baru lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit Hemolisis pada bayi
saat lahir perdarahan atau 24 jam pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tes Coombs Positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kadar Bilirubin Direk lebih besar
3,5 mg / dl pada minggu pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Serum Bilirubin Indirek lebih
dari 20 mg / dl pada 48 jam pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hemoglobin kurang dari 12 gr /
dl.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bayi dengan Hidrops saat lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bayi pada resiko terjadi Kern
Ikterus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Transfusi
Pengganti digunakan untuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengatasi Anemia sel darah
merah yang tidak Suseptible (rentan) terhadap sel darah merah terhadap Antibodi
Maternal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menghilangkan sel darah merah
untuk yang Tersensitisasi (kepekaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menghilangkan Serum Bilirubin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan Albumin bebas
Bilirubin dan meningkatkan keterikatan dengan Bilirubin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada Rh Inkomptabiliti diperlukan
transfusi darah golongan O segera (kurang dari 2 hari), Rh negatif whole blood.
Darah yang dipilih tidak mengandung antigen A dan antigen B yang pendek. setiap
4 - 8 jam kadar Bilirubin harus dicek. Hemoglobin harus diperiksa setiap hari
sampai stabil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Therapi
Obat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Phenobarbital dapat menstimulasi
hati untuk menghasilkan enzim yang meningkatkan konjugasi Bilirubin dan
mengekresinya. Obat ini efektif baik diberikan pada ibu hamil untuk beberapa
hari sampai beberapa minggu sebelum melahirkan. Penggunaan penobarbital pada
post natal masih menjadi pertentangan karena efek sampingnya (letargi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Colistrisin
dapat mengurangi Bilirubin dengan mengeluarkannya lewat urine sehingga
menurunkan siklus Enterohepatika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Penggolongan
Hiperbilirubinemia berdasarkan saat terjadi Ikterus:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1. Ikterus yang
timbul pada 24 jam pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyebab Ikterus
terjadi pada 24 jam pertama menurut besarnya kemungkinan dapat disusun sbb: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Inkomptabilitas darah Rh, ABO
atau golongan lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi Intra Uterin (Virus,
Toksoplasma, Siphilis dan kadang-kadang Bakteri)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kadang-kadang oleh Defisiensi
Enzim G6PD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan yang
perlu dilakukan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kadar Bilirubin Serum berkala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Darah tepi lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Golongan darah ibu dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Test Coombs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan skrining<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defisiensi G6PD, biakan darah atau biopsi
Hepar bila perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2. Ikterus yang
timbul 24<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>72 jam sesudah lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Biasanya Ikterus fisiologis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Masih ada kemungkinan
inkompatibilitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>darah ABO atau Rh, atau
golongan lain. Hal ini diduga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalau
kenaikan kadar Bilirubin cepat misalnya melebihi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5mg% per 24 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Defisiensi Enzim G6PD atau
Enzim Eritrosit lain juga masih mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Polisetimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hemolisis perdarahan tertutup (
pendarahan subaponeurosis, pendarahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hepar, sub kapsula dll).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bila keadaan
bayi baik dan peningkatannya cepat maka pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang perlu dilakukan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan darah tepi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>darah Bilirubin berkala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan skrining Enzim
G6PD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan lain bila perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikterus yang timbul sesudah 72 jam pertama
sampai akhir minggu pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sepsis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dehidrasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Asidosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Defisiensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enzim G6PD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengaruh obat-obat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sindroma Criggler-Najjar,
Sindroma Gilbert.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikterus yang timbul pada akhir minggu pertama
dan selanjutnya: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Karena ikterus obstruktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipotiroidisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Breast milk Jaundice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hepatitis Neonatal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Galaktosemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan
laboratorium yang perlu dilakukan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan Bilirubin berkala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan darah tepi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Skrining Enzim G6PD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Biakan darah, biopsi Hepar
bila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada indikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
memberikan keperawatan yang paripurna digunakan proses keperawatan yang
meliputi Pengkajian, Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan dan Evaluasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pengkajian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Riwayat orang tua :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ketidakseimbangan golongan darah ibu dan anak seperti Rh, ABO,
Polisitemia, Infeksi, Hematoma, Obstruksi Pencernaan dan ASI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan Fisik : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kuning, Pallor Konvulsi, Letargi, Hipotonik, menangis melengking,
refleks menyusui yang lemah, Iritabilitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengkajian Psikososial : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dampak sakit anak pada hubungan dengan orang tua, apakah orang tua
merasa bersalah, masalah Bonding, perpisahan dengan anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengetahuan Keluarga meliputi :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyebab penyakit dan pengobatan, perawatan lebih lanjut, apakah
mengenal keluarga lain yang memiliki yang sama, tingkat pendidikan, kemampuan
mempelajari Hiperbilirubinemia (Cindy Smith Greenberg. 1988)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">2.
Diagnosa, Tujuan , dan Intervensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
pengkajian di atas dapat diidentifikasikan masalah yang memberi gambaran
keadaan kesehatan klien dan memungkinkan menyusun perencanaan asuhan
keperawatan. Masalah yang diidentifikasi ditetapkan sebagai diagnosa
keperawatan melalui analisa dan interpretasi data yang diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Kurangnya volume cairan sehubungan dengan tidak adekuatnya intake
cairan, fototherapi, dan diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">: Cairan tubuh neonatus
adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">: Catat jumlah dan
kualitas feses, pantau turgor kulit, pantau intake output, beri air diantara
menyusui atau memberi botol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Gangguan suhu tubuh (hipertermi) sehubungan dengan efek
fototerapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Kestabilan suhu tubuh bayi
dapat dipertahankan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">: Beri suhu lingkungan
yang netral, pertahankan suhu antara 35,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> - 37</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> C, cek tanda-tanda vital tiap 2 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Gangguan integritas kulit sehubungan dengan hiperbilirubinemia
dan diare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Keutuhan kulit bayi dapat
dipertahankan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Kaji warna kulit tiap 8
jam, pantau bilirubin direk dan indirek , rubah posisi setiap 2 jam, masase
daerah yang menonjol, jaga kebersihan kulit dan kelembabannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Gangguan parenting sehubungan dengan pemisahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Orang tua dan bayi
menunjukan tingkah laku “Attachment” , orang tua dapat mengekspresikan ketidak
mengertian proses Bounding.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">: Bawa bayi ke ibu untuk
disusui, buka tutup mata saat disusui, untuk stimulasi sosial dengan ibu,
anjurkan orangtua untuk mengajak bicara anaknya, libatkan orang tua dalam
perawatan bila memungkinkan, dorong orang tua mengekspresikan perasaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Kecemasan meningkat sehubungan dengan therapi yang diberikan pada
bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">: Orang tua mengerti tentang
perawatan, dapat mengidentifikasi gejala-gejala untuk menyampaikan pada tim
kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kaji pengetahuan keluarga klien, beri pendidikan kesehatan penyebab dari
kuning, proses terapi dan perawatannya. Beri pendidikan kesehatan mengenai cara
perawatan bayi dirumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Potensial trauma sehubungan dengan efek fototherapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">: Neonatus akan berkembang
tanpa disertai tanda-tanda gangguan akibat fototherapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tempatkan neonatus pada jarak 45 cm dari sumber cahaya, biarkan
neonatus dalam keadaan telanjang kecuali mata dan daerah genetal serta bokong
ditutup dengan kain yang dapat memantulkan cahaya; usahakan agar penutup mata
tida menutupi hidung dan bibir; matikan lampu, buka penutup mata untuk mengkaji
adanya konjungtivitis tiap 8 jam; buka penutup mata setiap akan disusukan; ajak
bicara dan beri sentuhan setiap memberikan perawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Potensial trauma sehubungan dengan tranfusi tukar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> : Tranfusi tukar dapat
dilakukan tanpa komplikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Intervensi </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Catat kondisi umbilikal jika vena umbilikal yang digunakan; basahi
umbilikal dengan NaCl selama 30 menit sebelum melakukan tindakan, neonatus
puasa 4 jam sebelum tindakan, pertahankan suhu tubuh bayi, catat jenis darah
ibu dan Rhesus serta darah yang akan ditranfusikan adalah darah segar; pantau
tanda-tanda vital; selama dan sesudah tranfusi; siapkan suction bila
diperlukan; amati adanya ganguan cairan dan elektrolit; apnoe, bradikardi,
kejang; monitor pemeriksaan laboratorium sesuai program.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Aplikasi
Discharge Planing.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan serta perubahan kebutuhan bayi dengan hiperbilirubin (seperti
rangsangan, latihan, dan kontak sosial) selalu menjadi tanggung jawab orang tua
dalam memenuhinya dengan mengikuti aturan dan gambaran yang diberikan selama
perawatan di Rumah Sakit dan perawatan lanjutan dirumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Faktor yang harus disampaikan agar ibu
dapat melakukan tindakan yang terbaik dalam perawatan bayi hiperbilirubinimea
(warley &Wong, 1994):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan ibu
mengungkapkan/melaporkan bila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi
mengalami gangguan-gangguan kesadaran seperti : kejang-kejang, gelisah, apatis,
nafsu menyusui menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan ibu untuk menggunakan
alat pompa susu selama beberapa hari untuk mempertahankan kelancaran air susu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan penjelasan tentang
prosedur fototherapi pengganti untuk menurunkan kadar bilirubin bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menasehatkan pada ibu untuk
mempertimbangkan pemberhentian ASI dalam hal mencegah peningkatan bilirubin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengajarkan tentang perawatan
kulit : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memandikan dengan sabun yang
lembut dan air hangat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Siapkan alat untuk membersihkan
mata, mulut, daerah perineal dan daerah sekitar kulit yang rusak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gunakan pelembab kulit setelah
dibersihkan untuk mempertahankan kelembaban kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari pakaian bayi yang
menggunakan perekat di kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari penggunaan bedak pada
lipatan paha dan tubuh karena dapat mengakibatkan lecet karena gesekan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Melihat faktor resiko yang
dapat menyebabkan kerusakan kulit seperti penekanan yang lama, garukan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bebaskan kulit dari alat tenun
yang basah seperti: popok yang basah karena bab dan bak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Melakukan pengkajian yang ketat
tentang status gizi bayi seperti : turgor kulit, capilari reffil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Hal
lain yang perlu diperhatikan adalah : </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cara memandikan bayi dengan air
hangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(37 -38 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> celsius)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan tali pusat /
umbilikus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengganti popok dan pakaian
bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menangis merupakan suatu
komunikasi jika bayi tidak nyaman, bosan, kontak dengan sesuatu yang baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Temperatur / suhu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pernapasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cara menyusui</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Eliminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perawatan sirkumsisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Imunisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tanda-tanda dan gejala
penyakit, misalnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">letargi ( bayi sulit
dibangunkan )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">demam ( suhu > 37 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> celsius)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">muntah (sebagian besar atau
seluruh makanan sebanyak 2 x)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">diare ( lebih dari 3 x)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">tidak ada nafsu makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah bayi dari trauma
seperti; kejatuhan benda tajam (pisau, gunting) yang mudah dijangkau oleh bayi
/ balita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah benda panas, listrik,
dan lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menjaga keamanan bayi selama
perjalanan dengan menggunakan mobil atau sarana lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengawasan yang ketat terhadap
bayi oleh saudara - saudaranya.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">H. Markum : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">” Ilmu Kesehatan Anak”.</i></b> Buku I, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, FKUI, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bobak, J. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: ”Materity and Gynecologic Care”,</i></b>
Precenton, 1985.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Cloherty, P. John : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Manual of Neonatal Care”,</i></b> <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>, 1981.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Harper : ”Biokimia”, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jack A. Pritchard dkk : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Obstetri Williams”,</i></b> Edisi XVII, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surabaya</st1:place></st1:city>, Airlangga
University Press, 1991</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Marlene Mayers, et. al. : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Clinical Care Planes Pediatric Nursing”,</i></b>
<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>,
Mc.Graw-Hill. Inc, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mary Fran Hazinki : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Nursing Care of Critically Ill Child”,</i></b>
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Toronto</st1:place></st1:city>, The
Mosby Compani CV, 1984.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Susan R. J. et. al. : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Child Health Nursing”,</i></b> <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">California</st1:place></st1:state>, 1988.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-44303666005392418962012-11-08T20:18:00.003-08:002012-11-08T20:18:44.424-08:00DHF
<br />
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DENGAN DHF</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian</span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">DHF adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Arbovirus ( arthro
podborn virus ) dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk AEDES ( AEDES ALBOPICTUS
dan AEDES AEGEPTY )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyebab</span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penyebab DHF adalah Arbovirus ( Arthropodborn Virus ) melalui
gigitan nyamuk Aedes ( Aedes Albopictus dn Aedes Aegepty )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tanda dan gejala </span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tanda dan gejala penyakit DHF adalah :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Meningkatnya suhu tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nyeri pada otot seluruh tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Suara serak</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Batuk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Epistaksis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Disuria</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nafsu makan menurun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muntah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ptekie</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ekimosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perdarahan gusi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muntah darah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hematuria masih</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Melena</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">D. Klasifikasi
DHF menurut WHO</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Derajat I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Demam disertai gejala tidak khas, terdapat manifestasi
perdarahan ( uju tourniquet positif )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7">
<span lang="EN-US">Derajat II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Derajat I ditambah gejala perdarahan spontan dikulit dan
perdarahan lain.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7">
<span lang="EN-US">Derajat III</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kegagalan sirkulasi darah, nadi cepat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lemah, tekanan nadi menurun ( 20 mmhg, kulit
dingin, lembab, gelisah, hipotensi )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h6 style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Derajat IV</span></b></h6>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nadi tak teraba, tekanan darah tak dapat diukur</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Darah Lengkap = Hemokonsentrasi (
Hemaokrit meningkat 20 % atau lebih ) Thrombocitopeni ( 100. 000/ mm<sup>3 </sup>atau
kurang )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Serologi = Uji HI ( hemaaglutinaion
Inhibition Test ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rontgen Thorac = Effusi Pleura</span></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Penatalaksanaan </span></b></h5>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Medik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">DHF tanpa Renjatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beri minum banyak ( 1 ½ - 2 Liter /
hari )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Obat anti piretik, untuk menurunkan
panas, dapat juga dilakukan kompres</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika kejang maka dapat diberi
luminal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( antionvulsan ) untuk anak
<1th dosis 50 mg Im dan untuk anak >1th 75 mg Im. Jika 15 menit kejang
belum teratasi , beri lagi luminal dengan dosis 3mg / kb BB ( anak <1th dan
pada anak >1th diberikan 5 mg/ kg BB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan infus jika terus muntah dan
hematokrit meningkat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">DHF dengan Renjatan</span></h4>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pasang infus RL</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika dengan infus tidak ada respon
maka berikan plasma expander ( 20 – 30 ml/ kg BB )</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tranfusi jika Hb dan Ht turun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengawasan tanda – tanda Vital
secara kontinue tiap jam</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemeriksaan Hb, Ht, Trombocyt tiap
4 Jam</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Observasi intik output</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada pasienDHF derajat I : Pasien
diistirahatkan, observasi tanda vital tiap 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jam , periksa Hb, Ht, Thrombosit tiap 4 jam beri minum 1 ½ liter – 2
liter per hari, beri kompres</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada pasien DHF derajat II :
pengawasan tanda vital, pemeriksaan Hb, Ht, Thrombocyt, perhatikan gejala
seperti nadi lemah, kecil dan cepat, tekanan darah menurun, anuria dan sakit
perut, beri infus.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada pasien DHF derajat III : Infus
guyur, posisi semi fowler, beri o2 pengawasan tanda – tanda vital tiap 15 menit,
pasang cateter, obsrvasi productie urin tiap jam, periksa Hb, Ht dan
thrombocyt.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Resiko Perdarahan</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Obsevasi perdarahan : Pteckie,
Epistaksis, Hematomesis dan melena</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Catat banyak, warna dari perdarahan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pasang NGT pada pasien dengan
perdarahan tractus Gastro Intestinal</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peningkatan suhu tubuh</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Observasi / Ukur suhu tubuh secara
periodik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beri minum banyak</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan kompres</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">F. Asuhan Keperawatan pada pasien DHF</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoHeading8">
<span lang="EN-US">Pengkajian</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaji riwayat Keperawatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaji adanya peningkatan suhu tubuh,
tanda perdarahan , mual muntah, tidak nafsu makan, nyeri ulu hai, nyeri otot
dan tanda – tanda renjatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( denyut nadi
cepat dan lemah, hipotensi, kulit dingin dan lembab, terutama pada ekstremitas,
sianosis, gelisah, penurunan kesadaran )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading9" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diagnose Keperawatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kekurangan Volume cairan
berhubungan dengan peningkatan permeabilitas kapiler , perdarahan, muntah, dan
demam</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perubahan perfusi jaringan perifer
berhubungan dengan perdarahan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan mual, muntah, tidak ada nafsu makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hipertermi berhubungan dengan
proses infeksivirus</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perubahan proses proses keluarga
berhubungan dengan kondisi anak</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading9" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perencanaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak menunjukkan tanda – tanda
terpenuhinya kebutuhan cairan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak menunjukkan tanda – tanda
perfusi jaringan perifer yang adekwat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Anak menunjukkan tanda – tanda
vital dalam batas normal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keluarga menunjukkan kekoping yang
adaptif</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Implementasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mencegah terjadinya kekurangan
volume cairan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengobservasi tanda – tanda vital
paling sedikit setiap 4 jam</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Monitor tanda – tanda meningkatnya
kekurangan cairan : turgor tidak elastis, ubun – ubun cekung, produktie urin
menurun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengobservasi dan mencatat intake
dan output</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memberikan hidrasi yang adekwat
sesuai dengan kebutuhan tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memonitor nilai laboratorium :
elektrolit / darah BJ urin , serum tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempertahankan intake dan output
yang adekwat </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memonitor dan mencatat berat badan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memonitor pemberian cairan melalui
intravena setiap jam</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengurangi kehilangan cairan yang
tidak telihat ( insesible water loss / IWL )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perfusi jaringan Adekwat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengkaji dan mencatat tanda – tanda
Vital ( kualitas dan Frekwensi denyut nadi, tekanan darah , Cappilary Refill )</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengkaji dan mencatat sirkulasi
pada ektremitas ( suhu , kelembaban dan warna )</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menilai kemungkinan terjadinya
kematian aringan pada ekstremitas seperti dingin , neri , pembengkakan kaki )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kebutuhan nutrisi adekwat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ijinka anak memakan makanan yang
dapa ditoleransi anak. Rencanakan untuk memperbaiki kualitas gizi pada saat
selera makan anak meningkat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan makanan yang disertai
dengan suplemen nutrisi untuk meningkatkan kualitas intake nutrisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menganjurkan kepada orang tua untuk
memberikan makanan dengan teknik porsi kecil tetapi sering</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menimbang berat badan setiap hari
pada waktu yang sama dan dengan skala yang sama</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempertahankan kebersihan mulut
pasien</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menjelaskan pentingnya intake
nutirisi yang adekwat untuk penyembuhan penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempertahankan suhu tubuh normal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ukur tanda – tanda vital suhu tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ajarkan keluarga dala pengukuran
suhu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lakukan “ tepid sponge”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( seka ) dengan air biasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tingkatkan intake cairan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan terapi untuk menurunkan
suhu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mensupport koping keluarga Adaptif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">mengkaji perasaan dn persepsi orang
tua atau anggota keluarga terhadap situasi yang penuh stress</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ijinkan orang tua dan keluarga
untuk memberikan respon secara panjang lebar dan identifikasi faktor yang
paling mencmaskan keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Identifikasikan koping yang biasa
digunakan dn seberapa besar keberhasilannya dalam mengatasi keadaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Pencegahan DHF</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menghindari atau mencegah berkembangnya nyamuk Aedes Aegepty
dengan cara:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumah selalu terang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak menggantung pakaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bak / tempat penampungan air sering
dibersihkan dan diganti airnya minimal 4 hari sekali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kubur barang – barang bekas yang
memungkinkan sebagai tempat terkumpulnya air hujan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tutup tempat penampungan air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perencanaan pemulangan dan PEN KES</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan informasi tentang kebutuhan
melakukan aktifitas sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan dan kondisi fisik anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jelaskan terapi yang diberikan,
dosis efek samping </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menjelaskan gejala – gejala
kekambuhan penyakit dan hal yang harus dilakukan untuk mengatasi gejala </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tekankan untuk melakukan kontrol
sesuai waktu yang ditentukan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 11.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buku ajar IKA infeksi dan penyakit tropis IDAI Edisi
I. Editor : Sumarmo, S Purwo Sudomo, Harry Gama, Sri rejeki Bag IKA FKUI jkt
2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Christantie, Effendy. SKp, Perawatan Pasien
DHF. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC, 1995</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prinsip – Prinsip Keperawatan Nancy Roper hal 269 – 267</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-32425670726895478722012-11-08T20:15:00.003-08:002012-11-08T20:15:52.473-08:00BBLR
<br />
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN PASIEN BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">PENGERTIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bayi berat badan lahir rendah adalah bayi dengan berat badan kurang
dari 2500 gram pada waktu lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam hal ini dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Prematuritas murni</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Yaitu bayi pada kehamilan < 37 minggu dengan berat badan sesuai.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Retardasi pertumbuhan janin intra
uterin (IUGR)</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Yaitu bayi yang lahir dengan berat badan rendah dan tidak sesuai
dengan usia kehamilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">ETIOLOGI</span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyebab kelahiran prematur tidak
diketahui, tapi ada beberapa faktor yang berhubungan, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gizi saat hamil yang kurang,
umur kurang dari 20 tahun atau diaatas 35 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jarak hamil dan persalinan
terlalu dekat, pekerjaan yang terlalu berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit menahun ibu :
hipertensi, jantung, gangguan pembuluh darah, perokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hamil dengan hidramnion, hamil
ganda, perdarahan antepartum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Komplikasi kehamilan :
preeklamsia/eklamsia, ketuban pecah dini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor janin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cacat bawaan, infeksi dalam
rahim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor yang masih belum
diketahui</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">PENGKAJIAN KEPERAWATAN</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Prematuritas murni</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">BB < 2500 gram, PB < 45 cm, LK < 33 cm, LD < 30 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Masa gestasi < 37 minggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kepala lebih besar dari pada badan, kulit tipis transparan,
mengkilap dan licin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lanugo (bulu-bulu halus) banyak terdapat terutama pada daerah dahi,
pelipis, telinga dan lengan, lemak subkutan kurang, ubun-ubun dan sutura lebar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Genetalia belum sempurna, pada wanita labia minora belum tertutup
oleh labia mayora, pada laki-laki testis belum turun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tulang rawan telinga belum sempurna, rajah tangan belum sempurna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pembuluh darah kulit banyak terlihat, peristaltik usus dapat
terlihat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rambut tipis, halus, teranyam, puting susu belum terbentuk dengan
baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bayi kecil, posisi masih posisi fetal, pergerakan kurang dan lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banyak tidur, tangis lemah, pernafasan belum teratur dan sering
mengalami apnea, otot masih hipotonik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reflek tonus leher lemah, reflek menghisap, menelan dan batuk belum
sempurna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Dismaturitas</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kulit berselubung verniks kaseosa tipis/tak ada, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kulit pucat bernoda mekonium, kering, keriput, tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jaringan lemak di bawah kulit tipis, bayi tampak gesit, aktif dan
kuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tali pusat berwarna kuning kehijauan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">KOMPLIKASI</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sindrom aspirasi mekonium, asfiksia neonatorum, sindrom distres
respirasi, penyakit membran hialin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dismatur preterm terutama bila
masa gestasinya kurang dari 35 minggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hiperbilirubinemia, patent
ductus arteriosus, perdarahan ventrikel otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipotermia, Hipoglikemia,
Hipokalsemia, Anemi, gangguan pembekuan darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi, retrolental
fibroplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia,
malformasi konginetal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">PENATALAKSANAAN MEDIS</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Resusitasi yang adekuat,
pengaturan suhu, terapi oksigen </span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Pengawasan terhadap PDA (Patent Ductus
Arteriosus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit,
pemberian nutrisi yang cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Pengelolaan
hiperbilirubinemia, penanganan infeksi dengan antibiotik yang tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></h2>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: 5.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan/Kriteria</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Rencana Tindakan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="7"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.0pt; mso-row-margin-right: 5.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pola nafas tidak efektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b/d tidak adekuatnya ekspansi paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Gangguan pertukaran gas b/d kurangnya
ventilasi alveolar sekunder terhadap defisiensi surfaktan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pola nafas yang efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kebutuhan oksigen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nafas spontan, adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak sesak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada retraksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pertukaran gas adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak sianosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Analisa gas darah normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Saturasi oksigen normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan posisi kepala sedikit ekstensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan oksigen dengan metode yang sesuai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi irama, kedalaman dan frekuensi pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan isap lendir kalau perlu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan oksigen dengan metode yang sesuai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi warna kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukur saturasi oksigen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi tanda-tanda perburukan pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lapor dokter apabila terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tanda-tanda perburukan pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemeriksaan analisa gas darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemeriksaan surfaktan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="7"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.0pt; mso-row-margin-right: 5.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan/Kriteria</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<h3>
<span lang="EN-US">Rencana Tindakan</span></h3>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="7"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.0pt; mso-row-margin-right: 5.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi gangguan keseimbangan
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit b/d ketidakmampuan ginjal mempertahankan
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan
tubuh berhubungan dengan tidak adekuatnya persediaan zat besi, kalsium,
metabolisme yang tinggi dan intake yang kurang adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi hipotermi atau hipertermi
b/d imaturitas fungsi termoregulasi atau perubahan suhu lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Hidrasi baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Turgor kulit elastik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada edema</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Produksi urin 1-2 cc/kgbb/jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Elektrolit darah dalam batas normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nutrisi adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berat badan naik 10-30 gram / hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada edema</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Protein dan albumin darah dalam batas normal</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Suhu bayi stabil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Suhu 36,5 <sup>0</sup>C -37,2 <sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akral hangat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi turgor kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Catat intake dan output</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemberian cairan intra vena dan elektrolit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemeriksaan elektrolit darah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan ASI/PASI dengan metode yang tepat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi dan catat toleransi minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Timbang berat badan setiap hari</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Catat intake dan output</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemberian total parenteral nutrition kalau perlu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rawat bayi dengan suhu lingkungan sesuai</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindarkan bayi kontak langsung dengan benda sebagai sumber
dingin/panas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukur suhu bayi setiap 3 jam atau kalau perlu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ganti popok bila basah</span></div>
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<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="7"><div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span lang="EN-US">No</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan/Kriteria</span></b></div>
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<h3>
<span lang="EN-US">Rencana Tindakan</span></h3>
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<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="7"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr style="height: 31.0pt; mso-row-margin-right: 5.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
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<span lang="EN-US">6.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">7.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">8.</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi terjadi gangguan perfusi
jaringan b/d imaturitas fungsi kardiovaskuler</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi injuri susunan saraf pusat
b/d hipoksia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi infeksi b/d imaturitas
fungsi imunologik</span></div>
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</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
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<span lang="EN-US">Perfusi
jaringan baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekanan darah normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengisian kembali kapiler
<2 detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akral hangat dan tidak
sianosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Produksi urin 1-2 cc/kgbb/jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kesadaran composmentis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada injuri</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kesadaran composmentis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gerakan aktif dan terkoordinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada kejang ataupun twitching</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada tangisan melengking</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hasil USG kepala dalam batas normal</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Bayi tidak terinfeksi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Suhu 36,5 <sup>0</sup>C -37,2 <sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Darah rutin normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukur tekanan darah kalau perlu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi warna dan suhu kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi pengisian kembali kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi adanya edema perifer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemberian obat-obatan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cegah terjadinya hipoksia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukur saturasi oksigen</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi kesadaran dan aktifitas bayi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi tangisan bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi adanya kejang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lapor dokter apabila ditemukan kelainan pada saat observasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukur lingkar kepala kalau perlu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi dalam pemeriksaan USG kepala</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari bayi dari orang-orang yang terinfeksi kalau perlu rawat
dalam inkubator</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah kontak dengan bayi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan tehnik aseptik dan antiseptik bila melakukan prosedur
invasif</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">No</span></b></div>
</td>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan/Kriteria</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247">
<h3>
<span lang="EN-US">Rencana Tindakan</span></h3>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">9.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">10.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">11.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi gangguan integritas kulit
b/d imaturitas struktur kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Gangguan persepsi-sensori : penglihatan,
pendengaran, penciuman, taktil b/d stimulus yang kurang atau berlebihan dari
lingkungan perawatan intensif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US">Koping
keluarga tidak efektif b/d kondisi kritis pada bayinya, perawatan yang lama
dan takut untuk merawat bayinya setelah pulang dari RS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Integritas
kulit baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada rash</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada iritasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak plebitis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Persepsi dan sensori baik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bayi berespon terhadap stimulus</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Koping keluarga efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ortu kooperatif dg perawatan bayinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengetahuan ortu bertambah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Orang tua dapat merawat bayi di rumah</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan perawatan tali pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi tanda-tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi pemeriksaan darah rutin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi pemberian antibiotika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji kulit bayi dari tanda-tanda kemerahan, iritasi, rash, lesi
dan lecet pada daerah yang tertekan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gunakan plester non alergi dan seminimal mungkin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ubah posisi bayi dan pemasangan elektrode atau sensor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Membelai bayi sebelum malakukan tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengajak bayi berbicara atau merangsang pendengaran bayi dengan
memutarkan lagu-lagu yang lembut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan rangsang cahaya pada mata</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurangi suara monitor jika memungkinkan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan stimulas untuk refleks menghisap dan menelan dengan
memasang dot</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan kesempatan pada ortu berkonsultasi dengan dokter</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rujuk ke ahli psikologi jika perlu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan penkes cara perawatan bayi BBLR di rumah termasuk pijat
bayi, metode kanguru, cara memandikan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan home visit jika bayi pulang dari RS untuk menilai
kemampuan orang tua merawat bayinya</span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-83421983071347093262012-11-08T20:10:00.002-08:002012-11-08T20:10:28.912-08:00ANEMIA
<br />
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LAPORAN
PENDAHULUAN ANEMIA</span></u></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENGERTIAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia adalah suatu keadaan dimana
kadar Hb dan atau hitung eritrosit lebih rendah dari normal. Anemia adalah
berkurangnya jumlah eritrosit serta jumlah Hb dalam 1mm<sup>3</sup> darah atau
berkurangnya volume sel yang didapatkan (packed red cells volume) dalam 100 ml
darah. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENYEBAB ANEMIA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Anemia dapat dibedakan menurut mekanisme kelainan
pembentukan, kerusakan atau kehilangan sel-sel darah merah serta penyebabnya. Penyebab
anemia antara lain sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia pasca perdarahan :
akibat perdarahan massif seperti kecelakaan, operasi dan persalinan dengan
perdarahan atau perdarahan menahun:cacingan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia defisiensi: kekurangan
bahan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">baku</st1:place></st1:city>
pembuat sel darah. Bisa karena intake kurang, absorbsi kurang, sintesis kurang,
keperluan yang bertambah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia hemolitik: terjadi
penghancuran eritrosit yang berlebihan. Karena faktor intrasel: talasemia,
hemoglobinopatie,dll. Sedang factor ekstrasel: intoksikasi, infeksi –malaria, reaksi
hemolitik transfusi darah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia aplastik disebabkan
terhentinya pembuatan sel darah oleh sumsum tulang (kerusakan sumsum tulang).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">TANDA DAN GEJALA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda umum
anemia: </span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pucat, </span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tacicardi, </span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bising sistolik
anorganik, </span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bising karotis, </span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembesaran jantung.</span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Manifestasi khusus pada anemia:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia aplastik:
ptekie, ekimosis, epistaksis, ulserasi oral, infeksi bakteri, demam, anemis,
pucat, lelah, takikardi.</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia defisiensi:
konjungtiva pucat (Hb 6-10 gr/dl), telapak tangan pucat (Hb < 8 gr/dl), iritabilitas,
anoreksia, takikardi, murmur sistolik, letargi, tidur meningkat, kehilangan
minat bermain atau aktivitas bermain. Anak tampak lemas, sering berdebar-debar,
lekas lelah, pucat, sakit kepala, anak tak tampak sakit, tampak pucat pada
mukosa bibir, farink,telapak tangan dan dasar kuku. Jantung agak membesar dan
terdengar bising sistolik yang fungsional.</span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia aplastik :
ikterus, hepatosplenomegali.</span></h6>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kadar Hb.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kadar Hb <10g/dl. Konsentrasi
hemoglobin eritrosit rata-rata < 32% (normal: 32-37%), leukosit dan
trombosit normal, serum iron merendah, iron binding capacity meningkat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kelainan laborat sederhana
untuk masing-masing tipe anemia :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia defisiensi asam folat :
makro/megalositosis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia hemolitik : retikulosit
meninggi, bilirubin indirek dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>total
naik, urobilinuria.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia aplastik :
trombositopeni, granulositopeni, pansitopenia, sel patologik darah tepi
ditemukan pada anemia aplastik karena keganasan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENATALAKSANAAN </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia pasca
perdarahan: transfusi darah. Pilihan kedua: plasma ekspander atau plasma
substitute. Pada keadaan darurat bisa diberikan infus IV apa saja.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia defisiensi: makanan
adekuat, diberikan SF 3x10mg/kg BB/hari. Transfusi darah hanya diberikan pada Hb
<5 gr/dl.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anemia aplastik: prednison dan
testosteron, transfusi darah, pengobatan infeksi sekunder, makanan dan
istirahat.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MASALAH KEPERAWATAN
YANG SERING MUNCUL</span></b></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan perfusi
jaringan berhubungan dengan berkurangnya komparten seluler yang penting untuk menghantarkan
oksigen / zat nutrisi ke sel.</span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak toleransi
terhadap aktivitas berhubungan dengan tidak seimbangnya kebutuhan pemakaian dan
suplai oksigen.</span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi
kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan kurangnya selera makan.</span></h6>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINDAKAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: list -126.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perfusi jaringan
adekuat</span></h6>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memonitor tanda‑tanda vital,
pengisian kapiler, wama kulit, membran mukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meninggikan posisi kepala di
tempat tidur </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memeriksa dan mendokumentasikan
adanya rasa nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi adanya keterlambatan
respon verbal, kebingungan, atau gelisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengobservasi dan
mendokumentasikan adanya rasa dingin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mempertahankan suhu lingkungan
agar tetap hangat sesuai kebutuhan tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan oksigen sesuai
kebutuhan.</span></div>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: list -171.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendukung anak tetap toleran
terhadap aktivitas</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menilai kemampuan anak
dalam melakukan aktivitas sesuai dengan kondisi fisik dan tugas perkembangan
anak.</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memonitor tanda‑tanda
vital selama dan setelah melakukan aktivitas, dan mencatat adanya respon
fisiologis terhadap aktivitas (peningkatan denyut jantung peningkatan tekanan
darah, atau nafas cepat). </span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan informasi
kepada pasien atau keluarga untuk berhenti<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>melakukan aktivitas jika teladi gejala‑gejala peningkatan denyut jantung,
peningkatan tekanan darah, nafas cepat, pusing atau kelelahan).</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan dukungan kepada
anak untuk melakukan kegiatan sehari hari sesuai dengan kemampuan anak.</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengajarkan kepada orang
tua teknik memberikan reinforcement terhadap partisipasi anak di rumah.</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat jadual
aktivitas bersama anak dan keluarga dengan melibatkan tim kesehatan lain.</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan dan
memberikan rekomendasi kepada sekolah tentang kemampuan anak dalam melakukan
aktivitas, memonitor kemampuan melakukan aktivitas secara berkala dan
menjelaskan kepada orang tua dan sekolah.</span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi kebutuhan
nutrisi yang adekuat</span></h6>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengijinkan anak untuk memakan
makanan yang dapat ditoleransi anak, rencanakan untuk memperbaiki kualitas gizi
pada saat selera makan anak meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan makanan yang disertai
dengan suplemen nutrisi untuk meningkatkan kualitas intake nutrisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengijinkan anak untuk terlibat
dalam persiapan dan pemilihan makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengevaluasi berat badan anak
setiap hari.</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Betz, Sowden. (2002). <u>Buku Saku
Keperawatan Pediatrik</u>. Edisi 2. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Ngastiyah. (1997). <u>Perawatan
Anak Sakit</u>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st2:sn w:st="on">Cetakan</st2:sn> <st2:sn w:st="on">I.</st2:sn></st1:place> <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Suriadi, Yuliani R. (2001). <u>Asuhan
Keperawatan pada Anak</u>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st2:sn w:st="on">Edisi</st2:sn>
<st2:sn w:st="on">I.</st2:sn></st1:place> <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, CV Sagung Seto.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Tucker SM. (1997). <u>Standar
Perawatan Pasien</u>. Edisi V. Jakarta, EGC.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Smeltzer, Bare. (2002). <u>Buku
Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth. </u>Edisi 8. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, EGC.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">FKUI. (1985). <u>Ilmu Kesehatan
Anak</u>. Volume 1. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
FKUI.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Harlatt, Petit. (1997). <u>Kapita
Selekta Hematologi</u>. Edisi 2. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">ACS. (2003). <u>What is Anemia ?</u>.
Available (online) http: // www // yahoo / nurse / leucemia / htm.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-15138782044993083292012-11-08T20:00:00.001-08:002012-11-08T20:00:19.384-08:00ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA
<br />
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span lang="EN-US">ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENGERTIAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Acut limphosityc leukemia adalah proliferasi maligna /
ganas limphoblast dalam sumsum tulang yang disebabkan oleh sel inti tunggal
yang dapat bersifat sistemik. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ngastiyah,
1997; Smeltzer & Bare, 2002; Tucker, 1997; Reeves & Lockart, 2002).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENYEBAB ACUT LIMPHOSITYC
LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyebab acut limphosityc leukemia sampai saat ini belum
jelas, diduga kemungkinan karena virus (virus onkogenik) dan faktor lain yang
mungkin berperan, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor eksogen </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sinar x, sinar radioaktif.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hormon.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bahan kimia seperti: bensol,
arsen, preparat sulfat, chloramphinecol, anti neoplastic agent).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor endogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ras (orang Yahudi lebih mudah
terkena dibanding orang kulit hitam)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kongenital (kelainan kromosom,
terutama pada anak dengan Sindrom Down).</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US">Herediter (kakak beradik atau kembar satu telur).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">(Ngastiyah, 1997)</span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PATOFISIOLOGI ACUT
LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sel kanker menghasilkan leukosit yang
imatur / abnormal dalam jumlah yang berlebihan. Leukosit imatur ini menyusup ke
berbagai organ, termasuk sumsum tulang dan menggantikan unsur-unsur sel yang
normal. Limfosit imatur berproliferasi dalam sumsum tulang dan jaringan perifer
sehingga mengganggu perkembangan sel normal. Hal ini menyebabkan haemopoesis
normal terhambat, akibatnya terjadi penurunan jumlah leucosit, sel darah merah
dan trombosit. Infiltrasi sel kanker ke berbagai organ menyebabkan pembersaran
hati, limpa, limfodenopati, sakit kepala, muntah, dan nyeri tulang serta
persendian. Penurunan jumlah eritrosit menimbulkan anemia, penurunan jumlah
trombosit mempermudah terjadinya perdarahan (echimosis, perdarahan gusi,
epistaksis dll.). Adanya sel kanker juga mempengaruhi sistem retikuloendotelial
yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan sistem pertahanan tubuh, sehingga mudah
mengalami infeksi. Adanya sel kaker juga mengganggu metabolisme sehingga sel
kekurangan makanan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ngastiyah, 1997;
Smeltzer & Bare, 2002; Suriadi dan Rita Yuliani, 2001, Betz & Sowden,
2002).</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">TANDA DAN GEJALA ACUT
LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Manifestasi klinik dari acut limphosityc leukemia antara
lain:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Pilek tak sembuh-sembuh</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Pucat, lesu, mudah terstimulasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Demam, anoreksia, mual, muntah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Berat badan menurun</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Ptechiae, epistaksis, perdarahan
gusi, memar tanpa sebab</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Nyeri tulang dan persendian </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Nyeri abdomen</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Hepatosplenomegali, limfadenopati</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Abnormalitas WBC</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Nyeri kepala</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PEMERIKSAAN DIAGNOSTIK
PADA ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan diagnostik yang lazim dilakukan pada anak
dengan acut limphosityc leukemia adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan sumsum tulang (BMP /
Bone Marrow Punction):</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list -117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ditemukan sel blast yang
berlebihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list -117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan protein</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan darah tepi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pansitopenia (anemia,
lekopenia, trombositopneia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan asam urat serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan tembaga (Cu) serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penurunan kadar Zink (Zn)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan leukosit dapat terjadi
(20.000 – 200.000 / </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">µ</span><span lang="EN-US">l) tetapi dalam bentuk sel blast / sel primitif</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Biopsi hati, limpa, ginjal, tulang
untuk mengkaji keterlibatan / infiltrasi sel kanker ke organ tersebut</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Fotothorax untuk mengkaji
keterlibatan mediastinum</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sitogenik:</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">50-60% dari pasien ALL dan AML mempunyai kelainan
berupa:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kelainan jumlah kromosom,
seperti diploid (2n), haploid (2n-a), hiperploid (2n+a)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bertambah atau hilangnya bagian
kromosom (partial delection)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Terdapat marker kromosom, yaitu
elemen yang secara morfologis bukan komponen kromosom normal dari bentuk yang
sangat besar sampai yang sangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kecil</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENGOBATAN PADA ALL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Transfusi darah, biasanya
diberikan bila kadar Hb kurang dari 6 g%. Pada trombositopenia yang berat dan
perdarahan masif, dapat diberikan transfusi trombosit dan bila terdapat tanda‑tanda
DIC dapat diberikan heparin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kortikosteroid (prednison,
kortison, deksametason dan sebagainya). Setelah dicapai remisi dosis dikurangi
sedikit demi sedikit dan akhirnya dihentikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sitostatika. Selain sitostatika
yang lama (6‑merkaptopurin atau 6‑mp, metotreksat atau MTX) pada waktu ini
dipakai pula yang baru dan lebih poten seperti vinkristin (oncovin),
rubidomisin (daunorubycine), sitosin, arabinosid, L‑asparaginase, siklofosfamid
atau CPA, adriamisin dan sebagainya. Umumnya sitostatika diberikan dalam
kombinasi bersama‑sama dengan prednison. Pada pemberian obat‑obatan ini sering
terdapat akibat samping berupa alopesia, stomatitis, leukopenia, infeksi
sekunder atau kandidiagis. Hendaknya lebih berhziti‑hati bila jumiah leukosit
kurang dari 2.000/mm3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi sekunder dihindarkan
(bila mungkin penderita diisolasi dalam kamar yang suci <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">hama</st1:place></st1:city>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Imunoterapi, merupakan cara
pengobatan yang terbaru. Setelah tercapai remisi dan jumlah sel leukemia cukup
rendah (10<sup>5</sup> ‑ 10<sup>6</sup>), imunoterapi mulai diberikan.
Pengobatan yang aspesifik dilakukan dengan pemberian imunisasi BCG atau dengan
Corynae bacterium dan dimaksudkan agar terbentuk antibodi yang dapat memperkuat
daya tahan tubuh. Pengobatan spesifik dikerjakan dengan penyuntikan sel
leukemia yang telah diradiasi. Dengan cara ini diharapkan akan terbentuk
antibodi yang spesifik terhadap sel leukemia, sehingga semua sel patologis akan
dihancurkan sehingga diharapkan penderita leukemia dapat sembuh sempurna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cara pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Setiap klinik mempunyai cara tersendiri bergantung pada
pengalamannya. Umumnya pengobatan ditujukan terhadap pencegahan kambuh dan
mendapatkan masa remisi yang lebih lama. Untuk mencapai keadaan tersebut, pada
prinsipnya dipakai pola dasar pengobatan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Induksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dimaksudkan untuk mencapai remisi, yaitu dengan
pemberian berbagai obat tersebut di atas, baik secara sistemik maupun
intratekal sampai sel blast dalam sumsum tulang kurang dari 5%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Konsolidasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Yaitu agar sel yang tersisa tidak cepat memperbanyak diri lagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rumat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(maintenance)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk mempertahankan masa remisi, sedapat‑dapatnya suatu
masa remisi yang lama. Biasanya dilakukan dengan pemberian sitostatika separuh
dosis biasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reinduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dimaksudkan untuk mencegah relaps. Reinduksi biasanya dilakukan
setiap 3‑6 bulan dengan pemberian obat‑obat seperti pada induksi selama 10‑14
hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah terjadinya leukemia
susunan saraf pusat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk hal ini diberikan MTX intratekal pada waktu
induksi untuk mencegah leukemia meningeal dan radiasi kranial sebanyak 2.4002.500
rad. untuk mencegah leukemia meningeal dan leukemia serebral. Radiasi ini
tidak diulang pada reinduksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengobatan imunologik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diharapkan semua sel leukemia dalam tubuh akan hilang
sama sekali dan dengan demikian diharapkan penderita dapat sembuh sempurna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">(FKUI, 1985)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">MASALAH KEPERAWATAN YANG
MUNGKIN MUNCUL PADA ANAK DENGAN ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Adanya keganasan menimbulkan masalah keperawatan, antara
lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Intoleransi aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Resiko tinggi infeksi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Resiko perubahan nutrisi kurang
dari kebutuahn</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Resiko cedera (perdarahan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Resiko kerusakan integritas
kulit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nyeri</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Resiko kekurangan volume cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berduka</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurang pengetahuan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perubahan proses keluarga</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan citra diri / gambaran
diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PERAWATAN PADA ANAK DENGAN
ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengatasi keletihan /
intoleransi aktivitas:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji adanya tanda-tanda anemia:
pucat, peka rangsang, cepat lelah, kadar Hb rendah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau hitung darah lengkap dan
hitung jenis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan cukup istirahat dan
tidur tanpa gangguan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Minimalkan kegelisahan dan
anjurkan bermain yang tenang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bantu pasien dalam aktivitas
sehari-hari</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau frekuensi nadi,
prnafasan, sebelum dan selama aktivitas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketika kondisi membaik, dorong
aktivitas sesuai toleransi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jika diprogramkan, berikan
packed RBC</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah terjadinya infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi adanya tanda-tanda
infeksi, pantau suhu badan laporkan jika suhu > 38<sup>o</sup>C yang
berlangsung > 24 jam, menggigil dan nadi > 100 x / menit.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sadari bahwa ketika hitung
neutrofil menurun (neutropenia), resiko infeksi meningkat, maka:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tampatkan pasien dalam ruangan
khusus</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sebelum merawat pasien: cuci
tangan dan memakai pakaian pelindung, masker dan sarung tangan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cegah komtak dengan individu
yang terinfeksi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jaga lingkungan tetap bersih,
batasi tindakan invasif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bantu ambulasi jika mungkin
(membalik, batuk, nafas dalam)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan higiene oral dan
perawatan perineal secara sering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau masukan dan haluaran
serta pertahankan hidarasi yang adekuat dengan minum 3 liter / hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berika terapi antibiotik dan
tranfusi granulosit jika diprogramkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Yakinkan pemberian makanan yang
bergizi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah cidera (perdarahan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi adanya tanda-tanda
perdarahan dengan inspeksi kulit, mulut, hidung, urine, feses, muntahan, dan
lokasi infus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau tanda vital dan nilai
trombosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari injesi intravena dan
intramuskuler seminimal mungkin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
tekan 5-10 menit setiap kali menyuntik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gunakan sikat gigi yang lebut
dan lunak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari pengambilan temperatur
rektal, pengobatan rekatl dan enema</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari aktivitas yang dapat
menyebabkan cidera fisik atau mainan yang dapat melukai kulit.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan nutrisi yang adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji jumlah makanan dan cairan
yang ditoleransi pasien</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan kebersihan oral sebelum
dan sesudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari bau, parfum, tindakan
yang tidak menyenangkan, gangguan pandangan dan bunyi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ubah pola makan, berikan
makanan ringan dan sering, libatkan pasien dalam memilih makanan yang bergizi
tinggi, timbang BB tiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sajikan makanan dalam suhu
dingin / hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pantau masukan makanan, bila
jumlah kurang berikan ciran parenteral dan NPT yang diprogramkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah kekurangan cairan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji adanya tanda-tanda
dehidrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan antiemetik awal sebelum
pemberian kemoterapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hindari pemberian makanan dan
minuman yang baunya merangngsang mual / muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan minum dalam porsi
kecil dan sering</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi pemberian cairan
parenteral untuk mempertahankan hidrasi sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Antisipasi berduka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji tahapan berduka oada anak
dan keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan dukungan pada respon
adaptif dan rubah respon maladaptif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Luangkan waktu bersama anak
untuk memberi kesempatan express feeling</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fasilitasi express feeling
melalui permainan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan pendidikan kesehatan
pada pasien dan keluarga tentang:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Proses penyakit leukemia:
gejala, pentingnya pengobatan / perawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Komplikasi penyakit leukemia:
perdarahan, infeksi dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktivitas dan latihan sesuai
toleransi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengatasi kecemasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemberian nutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengobatan dan efek samping
pengobatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meningkatkan peran keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jelaskan alasan dilakukannya
setiap prosedur pengobatan / dianostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jadwalkan waktu bagi keluarga
bersama anak tanpa diganggu oleh staf SR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dorong keluarga untuk express
feelings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Libatkan keluarga dalam
perencanaan dan pelaksanaan perawatan si anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah gangguan citra diri /
gambaran diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dorong pasien untuk express
feelings tentang dirinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan informasi yang
mendukung pasien ( misal; rambut akan tumbuh kembali, berat badan akan kembali
naik jika terapi selesai dll.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dukung interaksi sosial / peer
group</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sarankan pemakaian wig, topi /
penutup kepala.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Betz, Sowden. (2002). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Buku Saku Keperawatan Pediatrik</u></b>.
Edisi 2. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Suriadi, Yuliani R. (2001). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Asuhan Keperawatan pada Anak</u></b>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st2:sn w:st="on">Edisi</st2:sn> <st2:sn w:st="on">I.</st2:sn></st1:place>
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, CV
Sagung Seto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reeeves, Lockart. (2002). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Keperawatan Medikal Bedah</u></b>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st2:sn w:st="on">Cetakan</st2:sn> <st2:sn w:st="on">I.</st2:sn></st1:place>
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
Salemba Raya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">FKUI. (1985). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</u></b>. Volume 1. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, FKUI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sacharin Rosa M. (1993). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prinsip
Perawatan Pediatri. </i></b>Edisi 2. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>
: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gale Danielle, Charette Jane.
(2000). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan Onkologi</i></b>, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city> : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Price Sylvia A, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Wilson</st1:place></st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lorraine</st1:place></st1:state> Mc Cart .(1995). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patofisiologi.</i></b>
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city> : EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sutarni Nani.(2003). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prosedur
Dan Cara Pemberian Obat Kemoterapi. </i></b>Disampaikan Pada Pelatihan
Kemoterapi Di RS Kariadi <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Semarang</st1:place></st1:city>,
Tanggal 13-15 November 2003.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-73249216622856302662012-11-08T19:46:00.002-08:002012-11-08T19:48:12.240-08:00SEPSIS<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP DASAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DEFINISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sepsis adalah infeksi
bakteri umum generalisata yang biasanya terjadi pada bulan pertama kehidupan. (Muscari,
Mary E. 2005. hal 186).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sepsi adalah sindrom yang
dikarakteristikan oleh tanda-tanda klinis dan gejala-gejala infeksi yang parah
yang dapat berkembang ke arah septisemia dan syok septik. (Doenges, Marylyn E.
2000, hal 871).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sepsis adalah infeksi berat
dengan gejala sistemik dan terdapat bakteri dalam darah. (Surasmi, Asrining.
2003, hal 92).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sepsis adalah mikrooganisme
patogen atau toksinnya didalam darah. (Dorland, 1998 hal 979).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari definisi di atas
penyusun menyimpulkan bahwa sepsis adalah infeksi bakteri generalisata dalam
darah yang biasanya terjadi pada bulan pertama kehidupan dengan tanda dan gejala
sistemik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyebabnya biasanya adalah infeksi
bakteri:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.Ketuban pecah sebelum
waktunya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.Perdarahan atau infeksi
pada ibu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.Penyebab yang lain karena
bakteri virus, dan jamur, yang terserang bakteri, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">jenis
bakteri bervariasi tergantung tempat dan waktu<br />
4. Bakteri enterik dari saluran kelamin ibU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5.
Virus herpes simplek<br />
6. Enterovirus<br />
7. E. Coli<br />
8. Candida<br />
9. Stafilokokus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C.GEJALA </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.Bayi
tampak lesu, tidak kuat menghisap, denyut jantungnya lambat dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suhu tubuhnya turun-naik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gejala
lainnya adalah: gangguan pernafasan, Kejang, Jaundice (sakit kuning)Muntah,
Diare, Perut kembung. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gejalanya
tergantung kepada sumber infeksi dan penyebarannya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1).Infeksi
pada tali pusar (omfalitis) bisa menyebabkan keluarnya nanah <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau darah dari pusar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2).Infeksi
pada selaput otak (meningitis) atau abses otak bisa <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 83.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">menyebabkan
koma, kejang,opistotonus (posisi tubuh melengkung ke <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>depan) atau penonjolan pada ubun-ubun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3).Infeksi
pada tulang (osteomielitis) menyebabkan terbatasnya <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pergerakan pada lengan atau tungkai yang
terkena</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4).Infeksi
pada persendian bisa menyebabkan pembengkakan, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemerahan, nyeri tekan dan sendi yang
terkena teraba hangat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5).Infeksi pada
selaput perut (peritonitis) bisa menyebabkan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembengkakan perut dan diare berdarah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D.PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sepsis dimulai dengan
invasi bakteri dan kontaminasi sistemik.Pelepasan endotoksin oleh bakteri
menyebabkan perubahan fungsi miokardium, perubahan ambilan dan penggunaan
oksigen, terhambatnya fungsi mitokondria, dan kekacauan metabolik yang
progresif. Pada sepsis yang tiba-tiba dan berat, complment cascade menimbulkan
banyak kematian dan kerusakan sel. Akibatnya adalah penurunan perfusi jaringan,
asidosis metabolik,syok, dan kematian.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Bobak, 2005)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Patogenesis juga dapat terjadi
antenatal, intranatal, dan paskanatal yaitu; </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.Antenatal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Terjadi karena adanya
faktor resiko, pada saat antenatal kuman dari ibu setelah melewati plasenta dan
umbilikus masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui sirkulasi darah janin. Kuman penyebab
infeksi adalah kuman yang menebus plasenta, antara lain: virus rubella, herpes,
influeza, dan masih banyak yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.Intranatal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Infeksi saat persalinan
terjadi karena kuman ada pada vagina dan serviks naik mencapai korion dan
amnion.akibatnya terjadilah amnionitis dan korionitis, selanjutnya kuman
melalui umbilikus masuk ketubuh bayi. Cara lain saat persalinan, cairan amnion
yang sudah terinfeksi oleh bayi sehingga menyebabkan infeksi pada lokasi yang
terjadi pada janin melalui kulit bayi saat bayi melewati jalan lahir yang
terkontaminasi oleh kuman.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.Pascanatal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Infeksi yang terjadi
sesudah persalinan, umumnya terjadi akibat infeksi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nasokomial dari lingkungan di luar rahim,(
misal : melallui alat-alat, penghisap lendir, selang endotrakea, infus, dan
lain-lain). Dan infeksi dapat juga terjadi melalui luka umbillikus.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">E.MANIFESTASI KLINIK</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.
Tanda dan Gejala Umum<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Hipertermia (jarang) atau hipothermia (umum) atau bahkan normal.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Aktivitas lemah atau tidak ada<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Tampak sakit<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Sistem Pernafasan<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Dispenu<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Takipneu<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Apneu<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Tampak tarikan otot pernafasan<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Merintik<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Mengorok<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Pernapasan cuping hidung<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Sianosis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Sistem Kardiovaskuler<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Hipotensi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Kulit lembab dan dingin<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Pucat<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Takikardi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Bradikardi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Edema<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Henti jantung</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.
Sistem Pencernaan<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Distensi abdomen<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Anoreksia<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Muntah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">- Diare<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Peningkatan residu lambung setelah menyusu<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Darah samar pada feces<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Hepatomegali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e.
Sistem Saraf Pusat<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Refleks moro abnormal<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Intabilitas<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Kejang<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Hiporefleksi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Tremor<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Koma<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Pernafasan tidak teratur</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">f. Hematologi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Ikterus<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Petekie<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Purpura<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Perdarahan<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Pucat<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">G.KOMPLIKASI</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <br />
Dehidrasi, asidosis metabolik, hipoglikemia, anemia, hiperbilirubinemia, dan
meningnitis.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">H.Pemeriksaan Diagnostik
dan Laboratorium<br />
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Kultur darah dapat menunjukkan organisme
penyebab.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Analisis kultur urine dan cairan
sebrospinal (CSS) dengan lumbal fungsi dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendeteksi organisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Pemeriksaan Diagnostik dan Laboratorium menunjukan peningkatan hitung sel
darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">putih
(SDP) dengan peningkatan neutrofil immatur yang menyatakan adanya infeksi.<br />
d. Laju endah darah, dan protein reaktif akan meningkat menandakan adanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">inflamasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I.Pencegahan dan Pengobatan<br />
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Pada
masa antenatal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perawatan antenatal
meliputi pemeriksaan kesehatan ibu secara berkala, imunisasi, pengobatan
terhadap penyakit infeksi yang diderita ibu, asupan gizi yang memadai,
penanganan segera terhadap keadaan yang dapat menurunkan kesehatan ibu dan
janin, rujukan segera ke tempat pelayanan yang memadai bila diperlukan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Pada saat persalinan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perawatan ibu selama
persalinan dilakukan secara aseptik dalam arti persalinan diperlukan sebagai
tindakan operasi. Tindakan intervensi pada ibu dan bayi seminimal mungkin
dilakukan (bila benar-benar diperlukan). Mengawasi keadaan ibu dan janin yang
baik selama proses persalinan melakukan rujukkan secepatnya bila diperlukan dan
menghindari perlukaan kulit dan selaput lendir.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Sesudah persalinan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perawatan sesudah lahir meliputi
menerapkan rawat gabung bila bayi normal, pemberian ASI secepatnya,
mengupayakan lingkungan dan perlatan tetap bersih, setiap bayi menggunakan
peralatan sendiri. Perawatan luka umbilikus secara steril. Tindakan invasif
harus dilakukan dengan memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip aspetik. Menghindari
perlukaan selaput lendir dan kulit, mencuci tangan dengan menggunakan larutan
desinfektan sebelum dan sesudah memegang setiap bayi. Pemantauan keadaan bayi
secara teliti disertai pendokumentasian data-data yang benar dan baik semua
personel yang menangani atau bertugas di kamar bayi harus sehat. Bayi yang
berpenyakit menular harus diisolasi. Pemberian antibiotik secara rasional,
sedapat mungkin melalui pemantauan mikrobiologi dan tes resistensi.<br />
Prinsip pengobatan pada sepsis neonatorium adalah mempertahankan metabolisme
tubuh dan memperbaiki keadaan umum dengan pemberian cairan intravena termasuk
kebutuhan nutrisi. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut Yu Victor Y.H dan
Hans E. Monintja pemberian antibiotik hendaknya memenuhi kriteria efektif
berdasarkan hasil pemantauan mikrobiologi, murah dan mudah diperoleh, tidak
toksis, dapat menembus sawar darah otak dan dapat diberi secara parenteral.
Pilihan obat yang diberikan ialah ampisilin dan gentamisin atau ampisilin dan
kloramfenikol, eritromisin atau sefalosporin atau obat lain sesuai hasil tes
resistensi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">II. ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN PASIEN ANAK DENGAN PENYAKIT INFEKSIUS SEPSIS</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Pengkajian</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Pengakjian dilakukan melalui anamnesis
untuk mendapatkan data yang perlu dikaji <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah :<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Sosial ekonomi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Riwayat perawatan antenatal<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- Ada/tidaknya ketuban pecah
dini<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Partus lama atau sangat cepat (partus presipitatus)<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Riwayat persalinan di kamar bersalin, ruang operasi atau tempat lain<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Riwayat penyakit menular seksual (sifilis, herpes klamidia, gonorea, dll)<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Apakah selama kehamilan dan saat persalinan pernah menderita penyakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>infeksi
(mis, taksoplasmosis, rubeola, toksemia gravidarum dan amnionitis)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Pada pengkajian fisik ada yang akan
ditemukan meliputi :<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Letargi (khususnya setelah 24 jam pertama)<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Tidak mau minum/reflek menghisap lemah<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Regurgitasi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Peka rangsang<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Pucat<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Hipotoni<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Hiporefleksi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Gerakan putar mata<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- BB berkurang melebihi penurunan berat badan
secara fisiologis<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Sianosis<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Gejala traktus gastro intestinal (muntah,
distensi abdomen atau diare)<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Hipotermi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Pernapasan mendengkur bardipnea atau apenau<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Kulit lembab dan dingin<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Pucat<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Pengisian kembali kapiler lambar<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Hipotensi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Dehidrasi<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Pada kulit terdapat ruam, ptekie, pustula
dengan lesi atau herpes.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. Pemeriksaan laboratorium yang
diperlukan adalah :<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Bilirubin<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Kadar gular darah serum<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Protein aktif C<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Imunogloblin IgM<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Hasil kultur cairan serebrospinal, darah asupan hidung, umbilikus, telinga, pus
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari lesi, feces dan urine.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
Juga dilakukan analisis cairan serebrospinal dan pemeriksaan darah tepi dan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah leukosit.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.Diagnosa
Keperawatan yang Muncul</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.
Hipertermi b/d efek endotoksin</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.
Resiko tingi perubahan perfusi jaringan b/d hipovolemia </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Resiko tinggi kekurangan volume cairan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>b/d kebocoran cairan kedlm intersisial </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.
Resiko tinggi kerusakan pertukaran gas b/d gangguan pertukaran gas </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.
hipertermi b/d efek endotoksin, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perubahan
regulasi temperatur, dihidrasi, peningkatan metabolism</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keadaan dimana </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">seseorang
individu mengalami peningkatan suhu tubuh diatas 37,8 C peroral atau 38,8 C
perektal karena faktor external</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Intervensi :<br />
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Pantau
suhu pasien <br />
Rasional : suhu 38,9 -41,1 derajad celcius menunjukkkan proses penyakit
infeksius akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.
Pantau suhu lingkungan, batasi/tambahkan linen sesuai indikasi <br />
Rasional : suhu ruangan harus di ubah untuk mempertahankan suhu mendekati
normal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Berikan kompres hangat, hindari penggunaan alcohol <br />
Rasional : membantu mengurangi demem </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.
Kolaborasi dalam pemberian antipiretik, misalnya aspirin, asetaminofen <br />
Rasional : mengurangi demem dengan aksi sentral pada hipotalamus </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.Resiko
tinggi i perubahan perfusi jaringan b/d hipovolemia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suatu penurunan O2 yang mengakibatkan kegagalan untuk
pemulihan jaringan pada </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Intervensi : </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
a. Pertahankan tirah baring <br />
Rasional : menurunkan beban kerja mikard dan konsumsi oksigen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.
Pantau perubahan pada tekanan darah <br />
R: hipotensi akan berkembang bersamaan dengan mikroorganisme menyerang aliran
darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Pantau frekuensi dan irama jantung, perhatikan disritmia <br />
R: disritmia jantung dapat terjadi sebagai akibat dari hipoksia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.
Kaji ferkuensi nafas, kedalaman, dan kualitas <br />
R: peningkatan pernapasan terjadi sebagai respon terhadap efek-efek langsung
endotoksin pada pusat pernapasan didalam otak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e.
Catat haluaran urine setiap jam dan berat jenisnya <br />
R: penurunan urine mengindikasikan penurunan perfungsi ginjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">f.
Kaji perubahan warna kulit,suhu, kelembapan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">R:
mengetahui status syok yang berlanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">g.
Kolaborasi dalam pemberian cairan parenteral <br />
R: mempertahankan perfusi jaringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">h.
Kolaborasi dalam pemberian obat <br />
R: mempercepat proses penyembuhan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.resiko
tinggi kekurangan volume cairan b/d kebocoran cairan kedalam intersisial </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cairan sangat diperlukan dalam menjaga tubuh manusia
supaya tetap sehat dan merupakan salah satu bagian penting.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Intervensi :<br />
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Catat
haluaran urine setiap jam dan berat jenisnya <br />
R: penurunan urine mengindikasikan penurunan perfungsi ginjal serta menyebabkan
hipovolemia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.
Pantau tekanan darah dan denyut jantung <br />
R: pengurangan dalam sirkulasi volum cairan dapat mengurangi tekanan darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Kaji membrane mukosa <br />
R: hipovolemia akan memperkuat tanda-tanda dehidrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.
Kolaborasi dalam pemberian cairan IV misalnya kristaloid <br />
R: cairan dapat mengatasi hipovolemia </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.Resiko
tinggi kerusakan pertukaran gas b/d terganggunya pengiriman oksigen kedalam
jaringan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Intervensi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
a. Pertahankan jalan nafas dengan posisi yang nyaman atau semi fowler <br />
R: meningkatkan ekspansi paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.
Pantau frekuensi dan kedalaman jalan nafas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">R:
pernapasan cepat dan dangkal terjadi karena hipoksemia, stress dan sirkulasi
endotoksin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.
Auskultasi bunyi nafas, perhatikan krekels, mengi <br />
R: kesulitan bernafas dan munculnya bunyi adventisius merupakan indikator dari
kongesti pulmona/ edema intersisial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.
Selidiki perubahan pada sensorium <br /> R: fungsi serebral sangat sensitif terhadap penurunan oksigenisasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Arif,
mansjoer (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kapita selekta
kedokteran</i>. Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Behrman
(2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nelson ilmu kesehatan anak</i>.
Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bobak
(2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku ajar keperawatn maternitas</i>.
Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Doenges (2000).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana asuhan keperawatan; pedoman untuk
perencanaan dan pendokumentasian perawatan pasien.</i> Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-24953473291419031312012-11-08T19:46:00.001-08:002012-11-08T19:46:12.173-08:00THYPOID
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latar belakang</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anak bukanlah miniatur orang dewasa yang dapat diperlakukan seperti orang
dewasa, tetapi anak memerlukan perhatian khusus sebab mereka sedang tumbuh
kembang, kepada semua orang tua agar mengutamakan pembinaan anak sebijaksana
mungkin dengan penuh cinta kasih, karena anak merupakan bagian dari generasi
muda dan pewaris pelestarian cita-cita perjuangan bangsa di masa mendatang.
(Soetjiningsih, 1998 : 127).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Di indonesia penderita demam tifoid cukup banyak di perkirakan 800/100.000
penduduk pertahun, tetapi terutama pada musim panas,. Demam tifoid dapat
ditemukan pada semua umur, tetapi yang paling sering pada anak besar umur 5 – 9
tahun dan laki-laki lebih banyak dari pada perempuan dengan perbandingan 2 - 3
: 1 (Kajdang, 2000) sedangkan pada rentang umur 3 – 19 tahun mencapai 91 %
kasus (Soedarmo, 202 : 368). Mortalitas pada pasien yang dirawat adalah 6 %,
prognosis menjadi tidak baik bila terdapat gambaran klinik yang berat seperti :
Demam tinggi (Hiperpireksia) atau febris kontinua. Keadaran sangat menurun
(Sopor, Koma, Delirium), terdapat komplikasi yang berat misal perdarahan usus,
perforasi usus (Ngastiyah, 1997 : 156). Di surabaya dilaporkan perdarahan
ususterjadi pada hari ke 17 atau awal minggu ke-3 insidennya berkisar antara
0,8% - 8,6 %, sedangkan perforasi usus sering terjadi pada minggu ke 3 serta
lokasi yang paling sering di laporkan di neum ferminalis. Angka terjadi
bervariasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu : 0,4 – 2,5 %
(Rampengan, 1995 : 63 – 64).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rumusan Masalah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apa itu thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apa etiologi dari thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apa saja manifestasi klinis yang muncul dari
thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimana patofisiologi dari thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apa saja data penunjang yang dapat
menunjangpenegakan diagnosa thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimana pathway dari thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimana asuhan keperawatan anak dengan diagnosa
thypoid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan
penyusunan makalah ini selain untuk memenuhi tugas keperawatan anak juga untuk
memperdalam wawasan kami mengenai penyakit thypoid dan memberikan penjelasan
mengenai thypoid agar kita semua dapat lebih memahami tanda, gejala, penularan,
serta perawatan thypoid. Dengan memperdalam ilmu tersebut diharapkan mahasiswa
benar-benar mampu menerapkan ilmu yang terdapat didalamnya dan dapat
mengaplikasikan ketika sudah bekerja nanti baik untuk diri sendiri, keluarga, maupun
pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan
Khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui apa saja etiologi dari thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui apa saja manifestasi klinis yang muncul
dari thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui bagaimana patofisiologi dari thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui apa saja data penunjang yang dapat
menunjang penegakan diagnosa thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui bagaimana pathway dari thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengetahui bagaimana asuhan keperawatan anak dengan diagnosa
thypoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ISI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tifus Abdominalis
(demam tifoid enteric fever) adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang besarnya tedapat
pada saluran pencernaan dengan gejala demam yang lebih dari satu minggu,
gangguan pada saluran pencernaan dan gangguan kesadaran. (FKUI, 1985)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tifus abdominalis
adalah infeksi yang mengenai usus halus, disebarkan dari kotoran ke mulut
melalui makanan dan air minum yang tercemar dan sering timbul dalam wabah.
(Markum, 1991).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyakit ini
disebabkan oleh infeksi kuman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Samonella
Thyposa/Eberthela Thyposa </i>yang merupakan kuman negatif, motil dan tidak
menghasilkan spora, hidup baik sekali pada suhu tubuh manusia maupun suhu yang
lebih rendah sedikit serta mati pada suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C dan antiseptik.
Salmonella mempunyai tiga macam antigen, yaitu Antigen O= Ohne Hauch=somatik
antigen (tidak menyebar) ada dalam dinding sel kuman, Antigen H=Hauch
(menyebar), terdapat pada flagella dan bersifat termolabil dan Antigen
V1=kapsul ; merupakan kapsul yang meliputi tubuh kuman dan melindungi O antigen
terhadap fagositosis. Ketiga jenis antigen ini di manusia akan menimbulkan tiga
macam antibodi yang lazim disebut aglutinin.</span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gejala
klinis demam tifoid pada anak biasanya lebih ringan jika dibandingkan dengan
penderita dewasa. Masa tunas rata-rata 10-20 hari. Yang tersingkat 4 hari jika
infeksi terjadi melalui makanan, sedangkan yang terlama 30 hari jika infeksi
melalui minuman. Selama masa inkubasi mungkin ditemukan gejala prodomal yaitu
perasaan tidak enak badan, lesu, nyeri kepala, pusing dan tidak bersamangat
kemudian menyusul gejala klinis sbb:</span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Demam</span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berlangsung
selama 3 minggu, bersifat febris remiten dan suhu tidak terlalu tinggi. Selama
minggu pertama duhu berangsur-angsur meningkat, biasanya turun pada pagi hari
dan meningkat lagi pada sore dan malam hari. Pada minggu ke-2 penderita terus
demam dan minggu ke-3 penderita demamnya berangsur-angsur normal.</span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan pada saluran pencernaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nafas berbau tidak
sedap, bibir kering dan pecah-pecah, lidah putih kotor (coated tongue) ujung
dan tepi kemerahan, perut kembung, hati dan limpa membesar. disertai nyeri pada
perabaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan kesadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kesadaran menurun
walaupun tidak berapa dalam yaitu apatis sampai samnolen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disamping gejala-gejala tersebut ditemukan juga pada
penungggungdan anggota gerak dapat ditemukan roseola yaitu bintik-bintik
kemerahan karena emboli basil dalam kapiler kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOFISIOLOGI</span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kuman
salmonella typhosa masuk kedalam saluran cerna, bersama makanan dan minuman,
sabagian besar akan mati oleh asam lambung HCL dan sebagian ada yang lolos
(hidup), kemudian kuman masuk kedalam usus (plag payer) dan mengeluarkan
endotoksin sehingga menyebabkan bakterimia primer dan mengakibatkan perdangan
setempat, kemudian kuman melalui pembuluh darah limfe akan menuju ke organ RES
terutama pada organ hati dan limfe.</span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Di
organ RES ini sebagian kuman akan difagosif dan sebagian yang tidak difagosif
akan berkembang biak dan akan masuk pembuluh darah sehingga menyebar ke organ
lain, terutama usus halus sehingga menyebabkan peradangan yang mengakibatkan
malabsorbsi nutrien dan hiperperistaltik usus sehingga terjadi diare. Pada
hipotalamus akan menekan termoregulasi yang mengakibatkan demam remiten dan
terjadi hipermetabolisme tubuh akibatnya tubuh menjadi mudah lelah.</span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Selain
itu endotoksin yang masuk kepembuluh darah kapiler menyebabkan roseola pada
kulit dan lidah hiperemi. Pada hati dan limpa akan terjadi hepatospleno megali.
Konstipasi bisa terjadi menyebabkan komplikasi intestinal (perdarahan usus,
perfarasi, peritonitis) dan ekstra intestinal (pnemonia, meningitis,
kolesistitis, neuropsikratrik).</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DATA
PENUNJANG</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Untuk
memastikan diagnosis perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium antara lain
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -37.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan
darah tepi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -37.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan
sumsum tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -37.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Biakan empedu untuk menemukan salmonella thyposa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan widal digunakan untuk membuat diagnosis
tifus abdominalis yang pasti</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat
: makan daging, telur yang tidak dimasak, atau minuman yang terkontaminasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gastrointestinal
: awal mual dan muntah, nyeri abdomen dan diare, distensi abdomen, pembesaran
limpa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suhu
tubuh : pada fase akut demam 39-40<sup>0</sup>C, meningkat hingga 41<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kulit
: rose spot dimana hilang dengan tekanan, ditemukan pada dada, perut setelah
minggu pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Neurologis
: delirium hingga stupor, perubahan kepribadian, katatonia, aphasia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pernapasan
: batuk non produktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Muskuloskeletal
: nyeri sendi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kardiovaskuler
: takikardi, hipotensi, dan shock jika perdarahan, infeksi senkunder atau
septikemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kebutuhan
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b.d anoreksia ditandai dengan mual, muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Resiko
tinggi kekurangan cairan b.d kehilangan cairan sekunder akibat muntah dan
diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hipertermi
b.d dari sirkulasi pirogen endogen pada hipotalamus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nyeri
akut b.d nyeri tekan pada perut akibat pembesaran hepar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intoleran
aktivitas b.d suplai nutrisi tidak adekuat yang ditandai dengan kelemahan
fisik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Konstipasi
b.d penurunan peristaltic usus akibat bedrest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan
integritas kulit b.d penekanan terlalu lama pada punggung yang ditandai dengan
kemerahan, lecer, panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang
pengetahuan b.d tingkat pendidikan rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.inijos.com/420/pengertian-nutrisi-menurut-beberapa-ahli-dan-jenis-jenis-nutrisi/" title="Pengertian Nutrisi Menurut Beberapa Ahli dan Jenis-jenis Nutrisi"><strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nutrisi
adalah</span></strong></a></span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ikatan kimia yang yang diperlukan tubuh
untuk melakukan fungsinya yaitu energi, membangun dan memelihara jaringan,
serta mengatur proses-proses kehidupan (</span></span><strong><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Soenarjo</span></i></strong><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, 2000)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cairan tubuh adalah </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairan" title="Cairan"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">c</span>airan</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suspense</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sel_(biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sel (biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">sel</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuh" title="Tubuh">tubuh</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk" title="Makhluk">makhluk</a></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">multiselular</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seperti</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memiliki</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">fungsi</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">fisiologis</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tertentu</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertermi adalah
peningkatan suhu tubuh sehubungan dengan ke tidak kemampuan tubuh untuk
meningkatkan pengeluaran panas atau menurunkan produksi panas.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri akut </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">adalah </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri yang dihasilkan oleh
stimulus noxious karena suatu cidera, proses penyakit, atau abnormalitas
struktur otot maupun visera.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Intoleransi aktifitas
adalah k</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">etidak
cukupan energi secara fisiologis untuk meneruskan atau menyelesaikan aktivitas
yang diminta atau aktifitas sehari-hari</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Konstipasi</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau sering disebut</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sembelit</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah kelainan pada</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan">sistem
pencernaan</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di mana seorang</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(atau mungkin juga pada</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a>) mengalami</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengerasan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feses" title="Feses">feses</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinja" title="Tinja">tinja</a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang berlebihan sehingga sulit untuk
dibuang atau dikeluarkan dan dapat menyebabkan kesakitan yang hebat pada
penderitanya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan integritas kulit adalah
keadaan dimana seorang individu mengalami atau beresiko terhadap kerusakan
jaringan epidermis dan dermis (Carpenito, 2000; 302).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kurang pengetahuan
adalah t</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">idak
adanya atau kurangnya informasi kognitif sehubungan dengan topic spesifik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kebutuhan
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b.d anoreksia ditandai dengan mual, muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dorong
tirah baring</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurunkan kebutuhan metabolic
untuk meningkatkan penurunan kalori dan simpanan energi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anjurkan
istirahat sebelum makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menenangkan peristaltic dan
meningkatkan energi makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikan
kebersihan oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasional : </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mulut bersih dapat meningkatkan
nafsu makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sediakan makanan dalam
ventilasi yang baik, lingkungan menyenangkan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Lingkungan menyenangkan menurunkan stress dan konduktif untuk
makan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jelaskan
pentingnya nutrisi yang adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -55.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Nutrisi yang adekuat akan membantu proses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kolaborasi pemberian nutrisi, terapi IV sesuai
indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Program
ini mengistirahatkan saluran gastrointestinal, sementara memberikan nutrisi
penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Resiko
tinggi kekurangan cairan b.d kehilangan cairan sekunder akibat muntah dan
diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : Mempertahankan volume
cairan adekuat dengan membran mukosa, turgor kulit baik, kapiler baik, tanda
vital stabil, keseimbangan dan kebutuhan urin normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Awasi
masukan dan keluaran perkiraan kehilangan cairan yang tidak terlihat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Memberikan informasi tentang keseimbangan
cairan dan elektrolit penyakit usus yang merupakan pedoman untuk penggantian
cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Observasi
kulit kering berlebihan dan membran mukosa turgor kulit dan pengisian kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional:
Menunjukkan kehilangan cairan berlebih atau dehidrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji
tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
:Dengan menunjukkan respon terhadap efek kehilangan cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertahankan
pembatasan peroral, tirah baring</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional:
Kalau diistirahkan utnuk penyembuhan dan untuk penurunan kehilangan cairan usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kolaborasi
utnuk pemberian cairan parenteral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional:
</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mempertahankan istirahat usus
akan memerlukan cairan untuk mempertahankan kehilangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hipertermi
b.d dari sirkulasi pirogen endogen pada hipotalamus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mendemonstrasikan suhu dalam
batas normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pantau
suhu klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suhu 38<sup>0</sup> C sampai
41,1<sup>0</sup> C menunjukkan proses peningkatan infeksius akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">P</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">antau suhu lingkungan, batasi atau tambahkan linen
tempat tidur sesuai dengan indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Suhu ruangan atau
jumlah selimut harus dirubah, mempertahankan suhu mendekati normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikan
kompres mandi hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional :Dapat membantu
mengurangi demam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kolaborasi
pemberian antipiretik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Untuk mengurangi
demam dengan aksi sentralnya hipotalamus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nyeri
akut b.d nyeri tekan pada perut akibat pembesaran hepar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : nyeri pada perut
hilang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jelaskan
pada orang tua bahwa kehadirannya akan meningkatkan kepercayaan anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : kehadiran orang tua
lebih membuat perasaan anak lebih tenang dan mengurangi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beri
kompres hangat pada daerah yang nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : kompres hangat dapat
membuat rasa lebih nyaman dan mengurangi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ajarkan
anak tehnik relaksasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : agar anak dapat
mengontrol nyerinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intoleran
aktivitas b.d suplai nutrisi tidak adekuat yang ditandai dengan kelemahan
fisik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melaporkan kemampuan melakukan
peningkatan toleransi aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tingkatkan
tirah baring dan berikan lingkungan tenang dan batasi pengunjung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Menyediakan energi
yang digunakan untuk penyembuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ubah posisi dengan sering, berikan perawatan kulit
yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Meningkatkan fungsi
pernafasan dan meminimalkan tekanan pada area tertentu untuk menurunkan resiko
kerusakan jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tingkatkan
aktifitas sesuai toleransi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Tirah baring lama
dapat menurunkan kemampuan karena keterbatasan aktifitas yang menganggu periode
istirahat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikan aktifitas hiburan yang tepat (nonton TV, radio)
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional:</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meningkatkan relaksasi dan hambatan energi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Konstipasi
b.d penurunan peristaltic usus akibat bedrest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : Pasien bebas dari
konstipasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Observasi
feses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : mendeteksi adanya
darah dalam feses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Monitor
tanda-tanda perforasi dan perdarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Untuk intervensi medis segera</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cek dan cegah terjadinya distensi abdominal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Distensi yang tidak membaik akan memperburuk
perforasi pada intestinal</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Atur
pemberian enema rendah atau glliserin sesuai order, jangan beri laksatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : untuk menghilangkan
distensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan
integritas kulit b.d penekanan terlalu lama pada punggung yang ditandai dengan
kemerahan, lecer, panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : tidak terjadi gangguan
integritas kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tingkatkan latihan rentang gerak dan mengangkat berat badan jika mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memperbaiki sirkulasi darah dan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mengurangi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penekanan yang berlebihan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ubah posisi tubuh tiap 2 jam sekali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Merubah posisi tidur dapat
memperbaiki sirkulasi darah dan mengurangi penekanan yang berlebihan di daerah
yang menonjol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anjurkan menjaga kulit tetap bersih dan kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menjaga kulit tetap bersih dan
kering dapat mengurangi masuknya penyakit yang menyebabkan infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jaga suhu dan kelembaban lingkungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang berlebihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Panas tubuh / demam dengan
kelembaban lingkungan yang baik akan turun sesuai keadaan lingkungannya serta
dapat mencegah terjadinya infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang
pengetahuan b.d tingkat pendidikan rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dapat menyatakan pemahaman
proses penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikan
nformasi tentang cara mempertahankan pemasukan makanan yang memuaskan
dilingkungan yang jauh dari rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional: Membantu individu untuk mengatur berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tentukan
persepsi tentang proses penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional:
Membuat pengetahuan dasar dan memberikan kesadaran kebutuhan belajar individu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji
ulang proses penyakit, penyebab/efek hubungan faktor yang menimbulkan gejala
dan mengidentifikasi cara menurunkan faktor pendukung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional :
Faktor pencetus/pemberat individu, sehingga kebutuhan pasien untuk waspada
terhadap makanan, cairan dan faktor pola hidup dapat mencetuskan gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tifus abdominalis adalah
infeksi yang mengenai usus halus, disebarkan dari kotoran ke mulut melalui
makanan dan air minum yang tercemar dan sering timbul dalam wabah. Demam
merupakan gejala awal penyakit ini. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh infeksi kuman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Samonella Thyposa/Eberthela Thyposa </i>yang
merupakan kuman negatif, motil dan tidak menghasilkan spora, hidup baik sekali
pada suhu tubuh manusia maupun suhu yang lebih rendah sedikit serta mati pada
suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C dan antiseptik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Carpenito, L. J (1997). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Saku Keperawatan</i>. Edisi VI.EGC: Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Doengoes M.E (2000). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan</span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Edisi III. EGC : Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nelson. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</i>. Edisi XII. EGC : Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Staf Pengajar IKA (1995). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EGC : Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mansjoer. A (2000). <i>Kapikta
Selekta kedokteran</i>. edisi IV. EGC: Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sarwana (1996). <i>Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam</i>. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Edisi
III. FKUI: Jakarta.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-41576253200417605252012-11-08T19:39:00.003-08:002012-11-08T19:39:48.447-08:00MENINGITIS
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latarbelakang</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis
adalah penyakit infeksi dari cairan yang mengelilingi otak dan <i>spinal cord </i>(<i>Meningitis
Foundation of America</i>). <i>Classic triad </i>dari meningitis adalah demam,
leher kaku, sakit kepala, dan perubahan di status mental (van de Beek, 2004).
Sistem saraf pusat manusia dilindungi dari benda-benda asing oleh <i>Blood
Brain Barrier </i>dan oleh tengkorak, sehingga apabila terjadi gangguan pada
pelindung tersebut, sistem saraf pusat dapat diserang oleh benda-benda patogen
(van de Beek, 2010). Angka kejadian meningitis mencapai 1-3 orang per 100.000
orang (<i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>). Penyebab paling
sering dari meningitis adalah <i>Streptococcus pneumonie </i>(51%) dan <i>Neisseria
meningitis </i>(37%) (van de Beek, 2004). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis juga dapat disebabkan oleh tindakan medis. 0,8
sampai 1,5% pasien yang menjalani <i>craniotomy </i>mengalami meningitis. 4
sampai 17% pasien yang memakai <i>I.V. Cath. </i>mengalami meningitis. 8%
pasien yang memakai <i>E. V. Cath. </i>mengalami meningitis. 5% pasien yang
menjalani <i>lumbar catheter </i>mengalami meningitis. Dan meningitis terjadi 1
dari setiap 50.000 kasus pasien yang menjalani <i>lumbar puncture </i>(van de
Beek, 2010). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara keseluruhan, <i>mortality rate </i>pasien meningitis
adalah 21%, dengan kematian pasien <i>pneumococcal meningitis </i>lebih tinggi
dari pasien <i>meningococcal meningitis </i>(van de Beek, 2004). Di Afrika,
antara tahun 1988 dan 1997, dilaporkan terdapat 704.000 kasus dengan jumlah
kematian 100.000 orang. Di antara tahun 1998 dan 2002 dilaporkan adanya 224.000
kasus baru <i>meningococcal meningitis</i>. Tetapi angka ini dapat saja lebih
besar di kenyataan karena kurang bagusnya sistem pelaporan penyakit. Sebagai
tambahan, banyak orang meninggal sebelum mencapai pusat kesehatan dan tidak
tercatat sebagai pasien meninggal di catatan resmi (<i>Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention</i>).</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu memahami konsep dasar Meningitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
dapat melakukan Asuhan Keperawatan pada pasien Meningitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
konsep dasar medis meningitis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
asuhan keperawatan meningitis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Definisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis adalah radang pada meningen (membran yang
mengelilingi otak dan medula spinalis) dan disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri atau
organ-organ jamur. (Smeltzer, 2001).</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis merupakan infeksi akut dari meninges, biasanya
ditimbulkan oleh salah satu dari mikroorganisme pneumokok, Meningokok,
Stafilokok, Streptokok, Hemophilus influenza dan bahan aseptis (virus) (Long,
1996).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis adalah peradangan pada selaput meningen,
cairan serebrospinal dan spinal column yang menyebabkan proses infeksi pada
sistem saraf pusat (Suriadi & Rita, 2001).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis adlah inflamasi akut pada meninges dan CSF (
Wong, 2003).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bakteri;
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mycobacterium tuberculosa</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diplococcus pneumoniae</i> (pneumokok), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neisseria meningitis</i> (meningokok), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Streptococus haemolyticuss, Staphylococcus
aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Peudomonas
aeruginosa</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penyebab lainnya lues, Virus, Toxoplasma
gondhii dan Ricketsia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Faktor predisposisi : jenis kelamin lakilaki
lebih sering dibandingkan dengan wanita</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Faktor maternal : ruptur membran fetal,
infeksi maternal pada minggu terakhir kehamilan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Faktor imunologi : defisiensi mekanisme imun,
defisiensi imunoglobulin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kelainan sistem saraf pusat, pembedahan atau
injury yang berhubungan dengan sistem persarafan (Rita & Suriadi, 2001)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda dan gejala</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letargi</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iritabilitas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Refleks
hisap buruk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonus
buruk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diare
dan muntah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fontanel
menonjol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Opistotonus</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
dan anak kecil</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letargi</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iritabilitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pucat</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anoreksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mual
dan muntah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
lingkar kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fontanel
menonjol</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejang</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
lebih besar</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sakit
kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iritabilitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotofobia</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaku
kuduk dan tulang belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
kernig positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
burzinski positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Opistotonus</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konfusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejang</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroorganisme penyebab dapat masuk mencapai
membran meningen dengan cara hematogen atau limfogen, perkontuinitatum,
retrograd melalui saraf perifer atau dapat langsung masuk CSF.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein di dalam bakteri sebagai benda asing
dapat menimbulkan respon peradangan. Neutropil, monosit, limfosit dan yang
lainnya merupakan sel – sel sebagai respon peradangan. Eksudat yang terbentuk
terdiri dari bakteri – bakteri fibrin dan lekosit yang dibentuk di ruang sub
arachnoid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penambahan eksudat di dalam
ruang sub arachnoid dapat menimbulkan respon peradangan lebih lanjut dan
meningkatkan tekanan intra cranial. Eksudat akan mengendap di otak,
syaraf-syaraf spinal dan spinal. Sel – sel meningeal akan menjadi edema dan
membran sel tidak dapat lebih panjang lagi untuk mengatur aliran cairan yang
menuju<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau keluar dari sel.
Vasodilatasi yang cepat dari pembuluh darah dapat terjadi, sehingga dapat
menimbulkan ruptur atau trombosis dinding pembuluh darah. Jaringan otak dapat
menjadi infark, sehingga dapat menimbulkan peningkatan tekanan intra kranial
lebih lanjut. Proses ini dapat menimbulkan infeksi sekunder dari otak jika
bakteri makin meluas menuju jaringan otak sehingga menyebabkan encephalitis dan
ganggguan neurologi lebih lanjut (Wong, 2003 dan Pillitteri, 1999).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Data Penunjang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
CSS dari fungsi lumbal :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis
bakterial : tekanan meningkat, cairan keruh/berkabut, jumlah sel darah putih
dan protein meningkat glukosa meningkat, kultur positip terhadap beberapa jenis
bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis
virus : tekanan bervariasi, cairan CSS biasanya jernih, sel darah putih
meningkat, glukosa dan protein biasanya normal, kultur biasanya negatif, kultur
virus biasanya dengan prosedur khusus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukosa
serum : meningkat ( meningitis )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDH
serum : meningkat ( meningitis bakteri )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
darah putih : sedikit meningkat dengan peningkatan neutrofil ( infeksi bakteri
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrolit
darah : Abnormal .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ESR/LED
:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkat pada meningitis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kultur
darah/ hidung/ tenggorokan/ urine : dapat mengindikasikan daerah pusat infeksi
atau mengindikasikan tipe penyebab infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MRI/
skan CT : dapat membantu dalam melokalisasi lesi, melihat ukuran/letak
ventrikel; hematom daerah serebral, hemoragik atau tumor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ronsen
dada/kepala/ sinus ; mungkin ada indikasi sumber infeksi intra kranial.
(Doenges, 1999)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengkajian</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat : Mengalami infeksi
saluran pernapasan atau infeksi telinga, kontak dengan pasien rinitis.
Pneumonia dan otitis media seringkali mendahului pneumokokus dan hemofilus
miningitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
subjektif :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sakit kepala yang hebat,
nyeri otot, kaku kuduk, sakit punggung, dingin, ekspresi rasa takut. Tidak enak
badan dan mudah terangsang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu
tubuh : 38– 41° C, dimulai pada fase sistemik, kemerahan, panas, kulit
kering,berkeringat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda Vital : Nadi lambat
sehingga intra kranial meningkat dan Tekanan Darah meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
kesadaran : Mula-mula sadar kemudian delirium dan akhirnya Koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persarafan
: Perubahan refleks. Tidak adanya refleks dinding abdomen, tidak adanya refleks
kremasterik pada laki-laki, gangguan refleks tendon. Kaku kuduk. Tanda
Brudzinski positif, tanda Kernig positif. Ubun-ubun besar menonjol (bayi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan
& Elektrolit : Turgor kulit jelek, berkurangnya output urin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muskuloskeletal
Meningokoksemia kronik : bengkak dan nyeri pada sendi-sendi besar (khususnya
lutut dan pergelangan kaki).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit
: Meningokoksemia:Ptekia dan lesipurpura yang didahului oleh ruam. Pada
penyakit yang berat dapat ditemukan ekimosis yang besar pada wajah dan
ekstremitas</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan yang muncul </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertermi
berhubungan dengan proses infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
berhubungan dengan Bakterimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan otak berhubungan dengan edema serebral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
kepala berhubungan dengan peningkatan tekanan intarkranial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan
de</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ngan Anoreksia, mual, muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertermi
adalah peningkatan suhu tubuh diatas kisaran normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
adalah kolonalisasi yang dilakukan oleh spesies asing terhadap organisme inang,
dan bersifat pilang membahayakan inang. Organisme penginfeksi, atau patogen,
menggunakan sarana yang dimiliki inang untuk dapat memperbanyak diri, yang pada
akhirnya merugikan inang. Patogen mengganggu fungsi normal inang dan dapat
berakibat pada luka kronik, <i>gangrene</i>, kehilangan organ tubuh, dan bahkan
kematian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan otak adalah penurunan sirkulasi darah ke otak yang dapat
mengganggu kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
adalah pengalaman sensori dan emosional yang tidak menyenangkan dan muncul
akibat kerusakan jaringan actual/potensial/digambarkan dalam hal kerusakan
sedemikian rupa ( International Association for the study of pain) ; awitan
yang tiba-tiba atau lambat dengan intensitas dari ringan hingga berat, terjadi
secara konstan atau berulang tanpa akhir yang dapat diantisipasi/diprediksi dan
berlangsung > 6 bulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nutrisi
kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh adalah asupan gizi tidak cukup untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan metabolik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipertermi berhubungan dengan proses infeksi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tujuan : Suhu tubuh
kembali normal (36<sup>5 0</sup>C – 37<sup>0</sup> C)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.6pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kriteria hasil :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Suhu
tubuh dalam rentang normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Nadi,
RR dalam rentang normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tidak
ada perubahan warna kulit dan tidak ada pusing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Anjurkan anak untuk memakai pakaian tipis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi : Untuk mengurangi evaporasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan cairan yang cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi : Agar tidak dehidrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan posisi rileks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi : Agar anak nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kompres dengan air hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi : Melebarkan pori-pori.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Monitor suhu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi : Mengetahui perubahan suhu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan antipiretik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
: Untuk menurunkan suhu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Infeksi berhubungan dengan Bakterimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan :
Mengurangi penyebaran infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 161.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kriteria Hasil
: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tidak
terjadi resiko penyebaran pada orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Penyebaran
sumber infeksi dapat terkontrol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan tindakan pisolasi sebagai pencegahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisai
: Pada fase awal meningitis, isolasi mungkin diperlukan sampai organisme
diketahui/dosis yang cocok telah diberikan untuk menurunkan resiko penyebaran
pada orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pertahankan teknik aseptik dan teknik cuci tangan yang
tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: Menurunkan resiko pasien terkena infeksi sekunder dan mengontrol penyebaran
infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau
suhu secara teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasionalisasi :
Mengetahui perubahan suhu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
terapi antibiotik iv: penisilin G, ampisilin, klorampenikol, gentamisin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasionalisasi : Untuk
mengurangi penyebaran infeksi lebih lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gangguan perfusi j</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">aringan berhubungan dengan edema cerebral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan : Tingkat kesadaran dan fungsi
persepsi normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kriteria hasil :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mempertahankan
tingkat kesadaran biasanya dan disfungsi persepsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kaji kesadaran sensoril</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengetahui adanya perubahan sistem
sensorik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Catat adanya perubahan yang spesifik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Membantu melokalisasi daerah otak
yang mengalami <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>gangguan
dan mengidentifikasi tanda perkembangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikan stimulasi yang bermanfaat verbal, penciuman,
perabaan, pendengaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Bermanfaat menstimulasi pasien koma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikan lingkungan terstruktur termasuk terapi dan
aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Menurunkan ansietas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memantau kondisi anak dan keadaan umum anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Mengetahui kondisi dan KU anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Monitor TTV</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Mengetahui adanya / tidaknya
perubahan TTV.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan adanya PTIK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tujuan : nyeri hilang / berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kriteria hasil :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Skala
nyeri berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Anak
tenang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kaji nyeri dari perilakunya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
: Mengetahui skala nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alihkan perhatian anak terhadap nyeri (distraksi) dengan
bermain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
: Mengurangi nyeri yang dirasakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan posisi nyaman seperti kepala agak tinggi sedikit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rasionalisasi
: Memberi kenyamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan lingkungan yang tenang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi : Dapat membantu merelaksasikan ketegangan
otot</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Batasi pengunjung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: Agar dapat beristirahat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kolaborasi pemberian antibiotik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: Mengurangi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gangguan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan
anoreksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tujuan : Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kriteria hasil :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Adanya
peningkatan BB sesuai tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tidak
ada tanda-tanda malnutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kaji adanya alergi makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Mengetahui dan mengatisipasi efek
terhadap makanan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Monitor adanya penurunan BB</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Mengetahui perubahan BB setiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan makanan anak yang disukai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
:</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;"> </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Nafsu makan bertambah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan makanan lemak dengan porsi kecil tapi sering</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: Mengurangi mual, agar makanan lebih mudah dicerna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan makanan selagi hangat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: Meningkatkan selera makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kolaborasi dengan ahli gizi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi
: Agar kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meningitis merupakan suatu
peradangan pada meningen yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya yaitu
bakteri atau virus, faktor predisposisi, faktor maternal, faktor imunologi dll.
Penyakit ini biasanya menyerang pada bayi maupun usia anak-anak. Gejala yang
timbul pada penyakit ini bermacam-macam sesuai dengan usia masing-masing
individu.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Doenges,
Marilyn E, dkk.(1999).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana Asuhan
Keperawatan : Pedoman untuk <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perencanaan
dan Pendokumentasian Perawatan Pasien</i>. Alih Bahasa, I Made <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kariasa, N Made Sumarwati. Editor
edisi bahasa Indonesia, Monica Ester, Yasmin <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>asih.
Ed.3. Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Long,
Barbara C. perawatan Medikal Bedah : Suatu Pendekatan Proses Keperawatan. Bandung
: yayasan Ikatan Alumni Pendidikan Keperawatan; 1996.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Smeltzer,
Suzanne C & Bare,Brenda G.(2001).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Buku
Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.Alih bahasa, Agung Waluyo,dkk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Editor edisi bahasa
Indonesia, Monica Ester.Ed.8.Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Suriadi
& Rita Yuliani. (2001). Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Anak. Ed. 1. Jakarta : CV
Sagung Seto.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-47838853965893598882012-11-08T19:34:00.004-08:002012-11-08T19:34:28.550-08:00PHIMOSIS
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEBDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.1
Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Phimosis adalah suatu keadaan
dimana prepusium tidak bisa ditarik ke belakang, bisa dikarenakan keadaan sejak
lahir atau karena patologi. Pada usia bayi glan penis dan prepusium terjadi
adesi sehingga lengket jika terdapat luka pada bagian ini maka akan terjadi
perlengketan dan terjadi Phimosis biasanya pada bayi itu adalah hal yang wajar
karena keadaan tersebut akan kembali seperti normal dengan bertambahnya umur
dan produksi hormon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa penelitian mengatakan
kejadian Phimosis saat lahir hanya 4% bayi yang preputiumnya sudah bisa ditarik
mundur sepenuhnya sehingga kepala penis terlihat utuh. Selanjutnya secara
perlahan terjadi desquamasi sehingga perlekatan itu berkurang. Sampai umur 1
tahun, masih 50% yang belum bisa ditarik penuh. Berturut-turut 30% pada usia 2
tahun, 10% pada usia 4-5 tahun, 5% pada umur 10 tahun, dan masih ada 1% yang
bertahan hingga umur 16-17 tahun. Dari kelompok terakhir ini ada sebagian kecil
yang bertahan secara persisten sampai dewasa bila tidak ditangani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila Phimosis menghambat
kelancaran berkemih seperti pada ballooning maka sisa-sisa urin mudah terjebak
pada bagian dalam preputium dan lembah tersebut kandungan glukosa pada urine
menjadi lading subur bagi pertumbuhan bakteri, maka berakibat terjadi infeksi
saluran kemih (UTI).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan data tahun 1980-an
dilaporkan bahwa anak yang tidak disirkumsisi memiliki resiko menderita UTI
10-20 kali lebih tinggi. Tahun 1993, dituliskan review bahwa resiko terjadi
sebesar 12 kali lipat. Tahun 1999 dalam salah satu bagian dari pernyataan AAP
tentang sirkumsisi disebutkan bahwa dari 100 anak pada usia 1 tahun. 7-14 anak
yang tidak sirkumsisi menderita sedang hanya 1-2 anak pada kelompok yang
disirkumsisi. Dua laporkan jurnal tahun 2001 dan 2005 mendukung bahwa
sirkumsisi dibawah resiko UTI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2
Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dari uraian
diatas dapat ditarik Rumusan masalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Pengertian Phimosis ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
Etiologi dan patologi Phimosis ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pathway pre & post op </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Phimosis ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.3
Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1
Tujuan Khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk memenuhi
tugas Keperawatan Medical Bedah III dan semoga kami sebagai penyusun dapat
mengambil manfaat serta dapat memperluas wawasan pada pasien dengan diagnosa
medis Phimosis pada khususnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2
Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-
Untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang penyakit Phimosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-
Untuk mempermudah dalam pembuatan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Phimosis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.4
Manfaat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1
Bagi Penyusun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-
Dapat belajar dalam penyusunan keperawatan Phimosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-
Dapat menambah ilmu dalam pembentukan makalah<b> </b>di bidang kesehatan.<b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2
Bagi Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai sumbangsih dalam makalah
asuhan keperawatan di bidang kesehatan urologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3
Bagi Pembaca </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai sedikit pengetahuan
tentang asuhan keperawatan bidang kesehatan urologi.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Definisi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Phimosis
adalah suatu keadaan dimana prepusium penis yang tidak dapat diretaksi
keproximal sampai ke korona glandis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Phimosis adalah keadaan di
mana kulit penis (<i>preputium</i>) melekat pada bagian kepala penis (<i>glans</i>).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konginetal (fimosis fisiologis)</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fimosis kongenital (fimosis fisiologis) timbul sejak
lahir sebenarnya merupakan kondisi normal pada anak-anak, bahkan sampai masa
remaja. Kulit preputium selalu melekat erat pada glans penis dan tidak dapat
ditarik ke belakang pada saat lahir, namun seiring bertambahnya usia serta
diproduksinya hormon dan faktor pertumbuhan terjadi proses keratinisasi lapisan
epitel dan deskuamasi antara glans penis dan lapis glan dalam preputium
sehingga akhirnya kulit preputium terpisah dari glan penis. Suatu penelitian
mendapatkan bahwa hanya 4% bayi seluruh kulit preputiumnya dapat ditarik ke
belakang penis pada saat lahir, namun mencapai 90% pada saat usia 3 tahun dan
hanya 1% laki-laki berusia 17 tahun yang masih mengalami fimosis kongenital.
Walaupun demikian, penelitian lain mendapatkan hanya 20% dan 200 anak laki-laki
berusia<br />
5-13 tahun yang seluruh kulit preputiumnya dapat ditarik ke belakang penis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fimosis didapat (fimosis patologik, fimosis yang
sebenarnya, true phimosis) timbul kemudian setelah. Hal ini berkaitan dengan
kebersihan hygiene) alat kelamin yang buruk, peradangan kronik glans penis dan
kulit preputium (balanoposthitis kronik), atau penarikan berlebihan kulit
preputium (forceful retraction) pada timosis kongenital yang akan menyebabkan
pembentukkan jaringan ikat (fibrosis) dekat bagian kulit preputium yang
membuka.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan aliran urin seperti sulit kencing, pancaran
urin mengecil, menggelembungnya ujung prepusium penis pada saat miksi dan
menimbulkan retensi urin. Higiene lokal yang kurang bersih menyebabkan
terjadinya infeksi pada prepusium (postitis), infeksi pada glans penis
(balanitis) atau infeksi pada glans penis dan prepusium penis (balanopostitis).
Kadang ada benjolan lunak di ujung penis karena adanya korpus smegma (timbunan
smegma didalam sakus prepusium penis).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Phimosis dialami oleh sebagian besar bayi baru lahir
karena terdapat adesi alamiah antara prepusium dengan glans penis. Hingga usia
3-4 tahun penis tumbuh dan berkembang, debris yang dihasilkan oleh epitel
prepusium (smegma) mengumpul di dalam prepusium dan perlahan-lahan memisahkan
prepusium dari glans penis. Ereksi penis yang terjadi secara berkala membuat
prepusium terdilatasi perlahan-lahan sehingga prepusium menjadi retraktil dan dapat
ditarik ke proksimal. Pada usia 3 tahun, 90 % prepusium sudah dapat diretraksi.
Tapi pada sebagian anak, prepusium tetap lengket pada glans penis, sehingga
ujung preputium mengalami penyempitan dan akhirnya dapat mengganggu fungsi
miksi. Smegma terjadi dari sel-sel mukosa prepusium dan glans penis yang
mengalami deskuamasi oleh bakteri yang ada didalamnya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengkajian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inspeksi
terhadap genetalia menunjuukkan letak abnormal uretra</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bayi
atau anak laki-laki tidak dapat berkemih dengan penis berada pada posisi naik
yang normal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
dasar yang berhubungan dengan Phimosis adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
saat berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Balloning</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retensi
Urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada
pasien fimosis, penis memiliki ukuran yang jauh dibawah rata-rata, anak susah
berkemih kadang-kadang sampai kulit prepusium menggelembung seperti balon. bayi
atau anak sering menangis keras sebelum urine keluar, apabila sudah terjadi
infeksi dibawah kulit pada penis yang tidak disunat penis menjadi nyeri,
gatal-gatal, kemerahan dan membengkak serta bisa menyebabkan penyempitan
uretra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diagnosa
Keperawatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pre
Oprasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Diagnosa keperawatan
Pre Operasi Phimosis adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa nyaman (Nyeri) b.d penekanan pada saat berkemih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan Eliminasi urine b.d
retensi urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko infeksi saluran kemih
b.d penumukan smegma di ujung penis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 42.1pt left 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 42.1pt left 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan Post
Operasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Diagnosa Keperawatan Post Operasi Phimosis
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri
b.d Diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko Infeksi b.d
Diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan
Integeritas Kulit b.d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">agen ijuri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Pre Oprasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa nyaman nyeri b.d penekanan pada saat berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi : Merasa kurang senang, lega, dan sempurna dalam
dimensi fisik, psikospiritual, lingkungan dan social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
eliminasi urin b.d retensi urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi :
kehilangan urine involunter yang dikaitkan dengan distensi berlebih pada
kandung kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
infeksi saluran kemih b.d penumukan smegma di ujung penis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi : Mengalami peningkatan
resikoterserang organismepatogenik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Post Oprasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri
b.d Diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 126.0pt 135.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Keadaan ketika individu mengalami dan
melaporkan adanya rasa ketidaknyamanan yang hebat atau sensasi yang tidak
menyenangkan selama 6 bulan aatu kurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 126.0pt 135.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko Infeksi b.d
Diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Keadaan
ketika individu beresiko terserang oleh agen patogenetik atau oportunistik
(virus, jamur, bakteri, protozoa, parasit lain) dari sumber-sumber eksternal,
sumber-sumber endogen, atau eksogen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan integeritas kulit
b.d agen injuri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi Dan Rasionalisasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi pre operasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan rasa nyaman (nyeri) </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> penekanan pada saat berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien
mengatakan nyeri berkurang atau tidak merasa nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
skala nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ untuk mengetahui tingkat nyeri pasien sebagai pedoman untuk tindakan
yang harus diberikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ajarkan
teknik relaksasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ merelaksasikan otot-otot sehingga suplai darah ke jaringan
terpenuhi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi
dengan tim medis tentang pemberian obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ obat (anti plasmadik) untuk merelaksasikan otot-otot polos</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan
eliminasi urine</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> b.d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> retensi urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien
mengatakan tidak ada hambatan aliran urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
haluan urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ retensi urine dapat terjadi karena adanya sumbatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perhatikan
waktu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ untuk mengetahui output pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dorong
klien untuk berkemih bila terasa ada dorongan tetapi tidak lebih dari 30 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ penahanan urine selama > 30 menit bias merusak sel kemih </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko infeksi saluran kemih </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> penumpukan urine diujung penis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
terjadi infeksi saluran kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lihat
tanda-tanda infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ untuk mengetahui tindakan yang harus dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsul
dengan tim medis tentang prosedur sirkumsisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R/ sirkumsisi mencegah infeksi saluran kemih (UTI) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi post operasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa nyaman nyeri b.d Diskontinuitas jaringan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.1pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">untuk mengurangi nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Intervensi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji rasa nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
posisi nyaman </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan
rellaksasi distraksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Untuk mengetahui skala nyeri yang di rasakan klien </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.1pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">agar klien merasa nyaman </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.1pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">agar klien merasa rileks </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
Infeksi b.d Diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.1pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak terjadi infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Intervensi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.1pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kurangi resiko infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">R/ Agar tidak terjadi infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 42.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan
integritas kulit b.d agen injuri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1
Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pimosis adalah suatu keadaan
dimana preposium tidak bisa ditarik bisa dikarenakan konginetal atau didapat.
Tetapi biasanya kondisi tersebut bisa normal dengan ditambahnya produksi hormon
dan pertumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pimosis dapat mengakibatkan
gangguan berkemih baik nyeri atau balloning (masa diujung penis) perlu
dilakukan sirkumsisi biasanya itu merupakan indikasi untuk mencegah infeksi
karena terkumpulnya urine yang mengandung glukosa sebagai tempat terbaik bagi
pertumbuhan bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2
Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika ada anak mengalami gejala
seperti gejala pimosis untuk segera mendapat penanganan untuk mencegah terjadi
infeksi saluran kemih (UTI)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 252.45pt; text-align: justify;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Brenda, Suzanne. 2002. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keperawatan Medikal – Bedah. </i></b>Jakarta:
EGC</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://bedahumum.wordpress.com/2008/11/18/sirkumsisi-pada-phimosis/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://bedahumum.wordpress.com/2008/11/18/sirkumsisi-pada-phimosis/</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://bidanshop.blogspot.com/2010/01/kelainan-pada-penis-fimosis.html"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://bidanshop.blogspot.com/2010/01/kelainan-pada-penis-fimosis.html</span></i></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wong,
whalley. 1991. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nursing Care of Infant and Children Volume II book 1.</i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">USA: CV. Mosby – Year book. Inc</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suriadi. Yuliani. 2001.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Anak. </i></b>Jakarta
: CV. Sagung Seto</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-27693696377831651762012-11-08T19:28:00.002-08:002012-11-08T19:28:41.086-08:00HIPOSPADIA
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP
DASAR MEDIS</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipospadia
adalah suatu kelainan bawaan congenital dimana meatus uretra externa terletak
di permukaan ventral penis dan lebih ke proksimal dari tempatnya yang normal
(ujung glans penis). (Arif Mansjoer, 2000 : 374).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipospadia
adalah suatu keadaan dimana terjadi hambatan penutupan uretra penis pada
kehamilan miggu ke 10 sampai ke 14 yang mengakibatkan orifisium uretra
tertinggal disuatu tempat dibagian ventral penis antara skrotum dan glans
penis. (A.H Markum, 1991 : 257).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipospadia
adalah suatu kelainan bawaan berupa lubang uretra yang terletak di bagian bawah
dekat pangkal penis. (Ngastiyah, 2005 : 288).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipospadia
adalah keadaan dimana uretra bermuara pada suatu tempat lain pada bagian
belakang batang penis atau bahkan pada perineum ( daerah antara kemaluan dan
anus ). (Davis Hull, 1994 ).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipospadia
adalah salah satu kelainan bawaan pada anak-anak yang sering ditemukan dan
mudah untuk mendiagnosanya, hanya pengelolaannya harus dilakukan oleh mereka
yang betul-betul ahli supaya mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klasifikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tipe hipospadia berdasarkan letak orifisium
uretra eksternum/ meatus :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tipe sederhana/ Tipe anterior</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terletak di
anterior yang terdiri dari tipe glandular dan coronal.<br />
Pada tipe ini, meatus terletak pada pangkal glands penis. Secara klinis,
kelainan ini bersifat asimtomatik dan tidak memerlukan suatu tindakan. Bila
meatus agak sempit dapat dilakukan dilatasi atau meatotomi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tipe penil/ Tipe
Middle</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Middle yang terdiri dari distal
penile, proksimal penile, dan pene-escrotal.<br />
</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada tipe ini, meatus terletak antara glands
penis dan skrotum. Biasanya disertai dengan kelainan penyerta, yaitu tidak
adanya kulit prepusium bagian ventral, sehingga penis terlihat melengkung ke
bawah atau glands penis menjadi pipih. Pada kelainan tipe ini, diperlukan
intervensi tindakan bedah secara bertahap, mengingat kulit di bagian ventral
prepusium tidak ada maka sebaiknya pada bayi tidak dilakukan sirkumsisi karena
sisa kulit yang ada dapat berguna untuk tindakan bedah selanjutnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tipe Posterior</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Posterior yang terdiri dari tipe
scrotal dan perineal.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada
tipe ini, umumnya pertumbuhan penis akan terganggu, kadang disertai dengan
skrotum bifida, meatus uretra terbuka lebar dan umumnya testis tidak turun.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malformasi
Congenital</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maskulinisasi
inkomplit dari genetalia karena involusi yang prematur dari sel intersitisial
testis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
Klinis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pancaran
air kencing pada saat BAK tidak lurus, biasanya kebawah, menyebar, mengalir
melalui batang penis, sehingga anak akan jongkok pada saat BAK.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
Hipospadia grandular/ koronal anak dapat BAK dengan berdiri dengan mengangkat
penis keatas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
Hipospadia peniscrotal/ perineal anak berkemih dengan jongkok.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penis
akan melengkung kebawah pada saat ereksi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fusi dari
garis tengah dari lipatan uretra tidak lengkap terjadi sehingga meatus uretra
terbuka pada sisi ventral dari penis. Ada berbagai derajat kelainan letak
meatus ini, dari yang ringan yaitu sedikit pergeseran pada glans, kemudian
disepanjang batang penis, hingga akhirnya di perineum. Prepusium tidak ada pada
sisi ventral dan menyerupai topi yang menutup sisi dorsal dari glans. Pita
jaringan fibrosa yang dikenal sebagai chordee, pada sisi ventral menyebabkan
kurvatura (lengkungan) ventral dari penis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
Penunjang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rontgen</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SG
sistem kemih kelamin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BNO-IVP.Karena
biasanya pada hipospadia juga disertai dengan kelainan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kongenital ginjal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
utama dari penatalaksanaan bedah hipospadia adalah merekomendasikan penis
menjadi lurus dengan meatus uretra ditempat yang normal atau dekat normal
sehingga aliran kencing arahnya ke depan dan dapat melakukan coitus dengan
normal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Operasi
harus dilakukan sejak dini, dan sebelum operasi dilakukan bayi atau anak tidak
boleh disirkumsisi karena kulit depan penis digunakan untuk pembedahan nanti.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikenal
banyak teknik operasi hipospadia yang umumnya terdiri dari beberapa tahap yaitu
:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Operasi
Hipospadia satu tahap ( ONE STAGE URETHROPLASTY ) </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Adalah tekhnik operasi sederhana yang
sering digunakan, terutama untuk hipospadia tipe distal. Tipe distal ini
meatusnya letak anterior atau yang middle. Meskipun sering hasilnya kurang
begitu bagus untuk kelainan yang berat. Sehingga banyak dokter lebih memilih
untuk melakukan 2 tahap. Untuk tipe hipospadia proksimal yang disertai dengan
kelainan yang jauh lebih berat, maka one stage urethroplasty nyaris dapat
dilakukan. Tipe hipospadia proksimal seringkali di ikuti dengan
kelainan-kelainan yang berat seperti korda yang berat, globuler glans yan
bengkok kearah ventral ( bawah ) dengan dorsal; skin hood dan propenil bifid
scrotum. Intinya tipe hipospadia yang letak lubang air seninya lebih kearah
proksimal ( jauh dari tempat semestinya ) biasanya diikuti dengan penis yang
bengkok dan kelainan lain di scrotum atau sisa kulit yang sulit di tarik pada
saat dilakukan operasi pembuatan uretra ( saluran kencing ). Kelainan yang seperti
ini biasanya harus dilakukan 2 tahap.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Operasi
Hipospadia 2 tahap</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Tahap pertama operasi pelepasan chordee
dan tunelling dilakukan untuk meluruskan penis supaya posisi meatus ( lubang
tempat keluar kencing ) nantinya letaknya lebih proksimal ( lebih mendekati
letak yang normal ), memobilisasi kulit dan preputium untuk menutup bagian
ventral/bawah penis. Tahap selanjutnya ( tahap kedua ) dilakukan uretroplasty (
pembuatan saluran kencing buatan/uretra ) sesudah 6 bulan. Dokter akan
menentukan tekhnik operasi yang terbaik. Satu tahap maupun dua tahap dapat
dilakukan sesuai dengan kelainan yang dialami oleh pasien.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pseudohermatroditisme
(keadaan yang ditandai dengan alat-alat kelamin dalam 1 jenis kelamin tetapi
dengan satu beberapa ciri sexsual tertentu )</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikis
( malu ) karena perubahan posisi BAK.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesukaran
saat berhubungan sexsual, bila tidak segera dioperasi saat dewasa.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi paska operasi yang terjadi :</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Edema
/ pembengkakan yang terjadi akibat reaksi jaringan besarnya dapat bervariasi,
juga terbentuknya hematom / kumpulan darah dibawah kulit, yang biasanya dicegah
dengan balut tekan selama 2 sampai 3 hari paska operasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Striktur,
pada proksimal anastomosis yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh angulasi dari
anastomosis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rambut
dalam uretra, yang dapat mengakibatkan infeksi saluran kencing berulang atau
pembentukan batu saat pubertas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fitula
uretrokutan, merupakan komplikasi yang sering dan digunakan sebagai parameter
untuyk menilai keberhasilan operasi. Pada prosedur satu tahap saat ini angka
kejadian yang dapat diterima adalah 5-10 %.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Residual
chordee/rekuren chordee, akibat dari rilis korde yang tidak sempurna, dimana
tidak melakukan ereksi artifisial saat operasi atau pembentukan skar yang
berlebihan di ventral penis walaupun sangat jarang.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divertikulum, terjadi pada
pembentukan neouretra yang terlalu lebar, atau adanya stenosis meatal yang
mengakibatkan dilatasi yang lanjut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP KEPERAWATAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengkajian</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
biodata pasien</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
riwayat masa lalu: Antenatal, natal,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
riwayat pengobatan ibu waktu hamil</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
keluhan utama</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
skala nyeri (post operasi)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemeriksaan genetalia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Palpasi abdomen untuk melihat distensi vesika urinaria atau pembesaran pada
ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kaji fungsi perkemihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adanya lekukan pada ujung penis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melengkungnya penis ke bawah dengan atau tanpa ereksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terbukanya uretra pada ventral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengkajian setelah pembedahan : pembengkakan penis, perdarahan, dysuria,
drinage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mental</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sikap pasien sewaktu diperiksa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sikap pasien dengan adanya rencana pembedahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat kecemasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat pengetahuan keluarga dan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa
Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre
Operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecemasan/ansietas
berhubungan dengan kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi prognosis dan kebutuhan
pengobatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Post Operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa Nyaman :Nyeri berhubungan dengan diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas berhubungan dengan obstruksi jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Resiko tingggi infeksi berhubungan dengan
invasi kateter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pra Operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecemasan/ansietas
b/d kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai kondisi,prognosis, dan kebutuhan pengobatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecemasan/ansietas
hilang/berkurang satelah dilakukan asuhan keperawatan dalam1X20 menit, dengan
criteria hasi, klien akan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengutarakan
proses penyakit/proses preoperasi dan harapan pasca operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melakukan
prosedur yang diperlukan untuk menjelaskan alasan dari suatu tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memulai
perubahan gaya hidup yang dperlukan dan ikut serta dalam regimen perawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pemahaman pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
sumber-sumber pengajaran, sesuai keadaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaksanakan
program pengajaran pra operasi individual</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasikan
pasien/orang terdekat mengenai rencana perjalanan, komunikasi dokter/orang
terdekat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
fasilitas perencanaan program pengajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media
khusus akan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pasian untuk belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
pemahaman atau kontrol pasien dan memungkinkan partisipasi dalam perawatan
pasca operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi
logistik mengenai jadwal dan kamar operasi, mencegah keraguan dan kebingungan
akan kesehatan pasian, dan prosedur yang akan dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Post
Operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 182.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 412.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="foto0211" src="file:///C:\Users\Advan\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><img height="243" src="file:///C:\Users\Advan\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="550" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa Nyaman :Nyeri berhubungan dengan diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : nyeri berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K/H :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyatakan
nyeri terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukkan
nyeir hilang, mampu tidur/istirahat dengan tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
nyeri, catat lokasi, karekteristik, intensitas (skala 0-10)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
pasien untuk menyatakan masalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
tindakan kenyaman misal : ubah posisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
penggunaan teknik relaksasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi,
berikan obat sesuai indikasi mil : narkotik, anlagen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
mengevaluasi : derajat ketidaknyamanan dan keefektifan analgesik atau dapat
menyatakan terjadinya komplikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
ansietas / takut dapat meningkatkan relaksasi / kenyamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah
ketidaknyamanan, meningkatkan relaksasi dan dapat meningkat kemampuan koping.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
pasien untuk istirahat lebih efektif dan memfokuskan kembali perhatian sehingga
menurunkan nyeri dan ketidaknyamanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
nyeri, meningkatkan kenyamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas berhubungan dengan obstruksi jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">: jalan napas efektif, tidak ada sumbatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Tidak ada bunyi napas tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nafas
efektif, pasien tidak gelisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Auskultasi bunyi napas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji,
pantau frekuensi pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dengarkan suara napas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan posisi yang nyaman, seperti mengekstensikan
kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Lakukan pengisapan lendir bila perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rasionalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">untuk mengetahui adanya bunyi napas tambahan seperti,
mengi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
mengetahui tingkat pengembangan paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">untuk mengetahui adanya snoring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">untuk membebaskan jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Untuk melegakan pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tingggi infeksi berhubungan dengan invasi kateter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :
Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3×24 jam diharapkan tidak terjadi
infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan
pasien & kelurga cara mencucitangan yang benar</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan
pada pasien & keluarga tanda gejala infeksi & kapan harus melaporkan
kepada petugas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasi
pengunjung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan
lingkungan dengan benar setelah digunakan pasien</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monitor
peningkatan granulossi, sel darah putih</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
faktor yang dapat meningkatkan infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasionalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menghindari kuman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
memberi peringatan ketika terjadi infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
membuat pasien merasa nyaman</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menetralisir kuman yg ada disekitar lingkungan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui adanya infeksi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
meminimalkan resiko infeksi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
eliminasi urine berhubungan dengan bedah diversi, trauma jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : Eliminasi
urine normal / menjadi seperti sebelum sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K/H : Menunjukkan
aliran urine terus menerus dengan haluaran urine adekuat untuk situasi
individu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat
keluaran urine, selidiki penurunan / penghentian aliran urien tiba-tiba</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
dan catat warna urin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tunjukkan
teknik katerisasi sendiri</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
peningkatan cairan dan pertahankan pemasukan akura</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awasi
tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
aliran urine tiba-tiba dapat mengindikasikan abstuksi / disfungsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urine
dapat agak kemerahmudaan, yang seharusnya jernih sampai 2-3 hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kateterisasi
periodik mengosongkan wadah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan
hidrasi dan aliran urine baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator
keseimbangan cairan menunjukkan tingkat hidrasi dan keefektifan terapi
penggantian cairan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Implementasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre
Operasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecemasan/ansietas
berhubungan dengan kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi prognosis dan kebutuhan
pengobatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pemahaman pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
sumber-sumber pengajaran, sesuai keadaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaksanakan
program pengajaran pra operasi individual</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasikan
pasien/orang terdekat mengenai rencana perjalanan, komunikasi dokter/orang
terdekat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa Nyaman :Nyeri berhubungan dengan diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
nyeri, catat lokasi, karekteristik, intensitas (skala 0-10)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
pasien untuk menyatakan masalah </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
tindakan kenyaman misal : ubah posisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
penggunaan teknik relaksasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi,
berikan obat sesuai indikasi mil : narkotik, anlagen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas berhubungan dengan obstruksi jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Auskultasi bunyi napas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji,
pantau frekuensi pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dengarkan suara napas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan posisi yang nyaman, seperti mengekstensikan
kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Lakukan pengisapan lendir bila perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo29; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tingggi infeksi
berhubungan dengan invasi kateter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan
pasien & kelurga cara mencucitangan yang benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan
pada pasien & keluarga tanda gejala infeksi & kapan harus melaporkan
kepada petugas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasi
pengunjung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan
lingkungan dengan benar setelah digunakan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monitor
peningkatan granulossi, sel darah putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
faktor yang dapat meningkatkan infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
eliminasi urine berhubungan dengan bedah diversi, trauma jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencatat
keluaran urine, selidiki penurunan / penghentian aliran urien tiba-tiba</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi
dan catat warna urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukkan
teknik katerisasi sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendorong
peningkatan cairan dan pertahankan pemasukan akurat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengawasi
tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Evaluasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecemasan/ansietas
berhubungan dengan kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi prognosis dan kebutuhan
pengobatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
kecemasan di batas
normal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
penyebab
cemas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
stimulus yang menyebabkan
cemas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi
untuk mengurangi
kecemasan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Strategi
koping untuk situasi penuh
stress </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
sosial </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidur
adekuat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respon
cemas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa Nyaman :Nyeri berhubungan dengan diskontinuitas jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan
nyeri (frekuensi &
lama) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
vital sign dalam batas
normal
(TD 120/80 mmHg; RR 22 x/mt; N 75x/mt; S 36,8ºC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memposisikan
tubuh untuk melindungi
nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan
kondisi fisik yang
nyeman </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukan
ekspresi puas terhadap manajemen
nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengungkap
faktor pencetus nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan
tetapi non
farmakologi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menggunakan berbagai sumber untuk mengontrol nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan
nyeri terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakefektifan
bersihan jalan napas berhubungan dengan obstruksi jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Tidak ada bunyi napas tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nafas
efektif,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pasien
tidak gelisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pasien
tidak mengeluh sesak napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RR
: 20x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tingggi infeksi berhubungan dengan invasi kateter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi
faktor yang dapat menimbulkan resiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
kembali tanda & gejala yang mengidentifikasi faktor resiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan
sumber & pelayanan kesehatan untuk mendapat sumber informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membenarkan
faktor resiko</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memonitor
faktor resiko dari
lingkungan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memonitor
perilaku yang dapat meningkatkan faktor resiko </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memonitor
& mengungkapkan status
kesehatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
menunjukan infeksi berulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu
tubuh dalam batas
normal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
darah putih tidak meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
eliminasi urine berhubungan dengan bedah diversi, trauma jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatakan
keinginan untuk BAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
pola BAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatakan
dapat BAK dengan teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
yang adekuat antara keinginan BAK dan mengeluarkan BAK ke toilet </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bebas
dari kebocoran urin sebelum BAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu
memulai dan mengakhiri aliran BAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengosongkan
kandung kemih secara komplet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
IV</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipospadia
adalah suatu keadaan dimana lubang uretra terdapat di penis bagian bawah, bukan
di ujung penis.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipospadia
merupakan kelainan bawaan yang terjadi pada 3 diantara 1.000 bayi baru lahir.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beratnya
hipospadia bervariasi, kebanyakan lubang uretra terletak di dekat ujung penis,
yaitu pada <em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">glans penis</span></em>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
hipospadia yang lebih berat terjadi jika lubang uretra terdapat di tengah
batang penis atau pada pangkal penis, dan kadang pada <em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">skrotum</span></em> (kantung zakar)
atau di bawah skrotum. Kelainan ini seringkali berhubungan dengan <em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">kordi</span></em>, yaitu suatu
jaringan fibrosa yang kencang, yang menyebabkan penis melengkung ke bawah pada
saat <em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ereksi</span></em>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejalanya
adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pancaran
air kencing pada saat BAK tidak lurus, biasanya kebawah, menyebar, mengalir
melalui batang penis, sehingga anak akan jongkok pada saat BAK.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
Hipospadia grandular/ koronal anak dapat BAK dengan berdiri dengan mengangkat
penis keatas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
Hipospadia peniscrotal/ perineal anak berkemih dengan jongkok.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penis
akan melengkung kebawah pada saat ereksi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
hipospadia terdapat di pangkal penis, mungkin perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan
radiologis untuk memeriksa kelainan bawaan lainnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
yang menderita hipospadia sebaiknya tidak disunat. Kulit depan penis dibiarkan
untuk digunakan pada pembedahan nanti.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkaian
pembedahan biasanya telah selesai dilakukan sebelum anak mulai sekolah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat ini, perbaikan hipospadia dianjurkan dilakukan sebelum anak berumur 18
bulan.Jika tidak diobati, mungkin akan terjadi kesulitan dalam pelatihan buang
air pada anak dan pada saat dewasa nanti, mungkin akan terjadi gangguan dalam
melakukan hubungan seksual.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/4603/1833/1600/op.jpg"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/4603/1833/1600/op.jpg</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://www.medicastore.com</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://kumpulan0askep.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/askep-hipospadia/</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Johnson, Marion dkk. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">(2000).
Nursing outcomes classification (NOC). Mosby</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Suriadi
SKp, dkk. (2001). Asuhan keperawatan pada anak. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jakarta : Fajar Interpratama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mansjoer, Arif, dkk. (2000).Kapita Selekta Kedokteran.
Jilid 2, Jakarta : Media Aesculapius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">McCloskey, Joanne C. (1996). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nursing
interventions classification (NIC). Mosby</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Price,
Sylvia Anderson. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">(1995). Pathofisiologi. Jakarta: EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Purnomo, B Basuki. (2000). Dasar – dasar urologi. Jakarta
: Infomedika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Santosa, Budi. (2005-2006). NANDA. Prima Medika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Staf Pengajar Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI. (1985). Buku
Kuliah Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jakarta :EGC.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-85869470581173999442012-11-08T19:15:00.004-08:002012-11-08T19:15:53.972-08:00ATHRESIA ESOFAGUS
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ATHRESIA
ESOFAGUS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PENGERTIAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Athresia Esophagus adalah perkembangan embrionik abnormal
esophagus yang menghasilkan pembentukan suatu kantong (blind pouch), atau lumen
berkurang tidak memadai yang mecegah perjalanan makanan / sekresi dari faring
ke perut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
(Smeltzer & Bare 2002:2342)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia Esophagus adalah kealinan kontinuitas lumen
esophagus dimana bagian distal esophagus sampai kardia tidak mau membuka
sehingga mengganggu aliran makanan (Sudaryat, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi
atresia esophagus :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia esofagus dengan fistula
trakeoesofagus </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia esofagus terisolasi tanpa
fistula</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fistula trakeoesofagus tanpa atresia
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia esofagus dengan fistula
trakeo esofagus proksimal </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia esofagus dengan fistula
trakeoesofagus distal dan proksimal </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ETIOLOGI</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia esophagus merupakan suatu kelainan bawaan pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saluran pencernaan. Kelainan ini biasanya
disertai fistula antara trakhea ke esofagus. Insidennya bervariasi, dimana
tahun 1957, Haight di Michigan mendapatkan 1 : 4425 bayi lahir hidup, sedangkan
pada tahun 1988, Kyronen dan Hemmiki mendapatkan insiden sebesar 1 : 2440
kelahiran hidup. Insiden pada pria sebanding dengan wanita: yang disebabkan
oleh sosial ekonomi rendah, umur ibu yang mudah dan tua, dan adanya penggunaan
jangka panjang pil kontrasepsi. Terjadinya atresia esofagus terjadi karena
esofagus dan trakhea gagal untuk berdiferensiasi dengan tepat selama gesitasi
pada minggu keempat dan kelima.Sampai saat ini belum diketahui zat teratogen
apa yang bisa menyebabkan terjadinya kelainan Atresia Esofagus, hanya
dilaporkan angka rekuren sekitar 2 % jika salah satu dari saudara kandung yang
terkena. Atresia Esofagus lebih berhubungan dengan sindroma trisomi 21,13 dan
18 dengan dugaan penyebab genetik.Namun saat ini, teori tentang tentang
terjadinya atresia esofagus menurut sebagian besar ahli tidak lagi
berhubungan dengan kelainan genetik Perdebatan tetang proses embriopatologi
masih terus berlanjut, dan hanya sedikit yang diketahui.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manifestasi
Klini</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa keadaan yang merupakan gejala dan tanda atresia
esofagus, antara lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mulut berbuih (gelembung udara dari
hidung dan mulut) dan liur selalu meleleh dari mulut bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.35pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.55pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sianosis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batuk dan sesak napas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala pneumonia akibat regurgitasi
air ludah dari esofagus yang buntu dan regurgitasi cairan lambung melalui
fistel ke jalan napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.35pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.55pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perut kembung atau membuncit, karena
udara melalui fistel masuk kedalam lambung dan usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.35pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.55pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oliguria, karena tidak ada cairan
yang masuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.35pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.55pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasanya juga disertai dengan
kelainan bawaan yang lain, seperti kelainan jantung, atresia rectum atau anus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia ini terjadi akibat adanya gangguan rekanalisasi yang
mengikuti proses penyumbatan lumen yang terjadi selama fase proliferasi epitel.
Sedangkan hipotesis lama mengatakan bahwa atresia ini terjadi akibat anomali
vaskuler lokal sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan vaskularisasi usus yang
akhirnya, terjadilah perforasi dan reabasorbsi dinding intra uterin, sehingga
terbentuk diskontinuitas dari lumen usus.Janin dengan atresia esofagus tidak
dapat menelan cairan amnion dengan efektif. Pada janin dengan atresia esofagus
dan TEF distal, cairan amnion akan mengalir menuju trakea, ke fistula kemudian
menuju usus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neonatus dengan atresia esofagus tidak dapat menelan dan
menghasilkan banyak air liur. Pneumonia aspirasi dapat terjadi bila terjadi
aspirasi susu, atau liur. Apabila terdapat TEF distal, paru-paru dapat terpapar
asam lambung. Udara dari trakea juga dapat mengalir ke bawah fistula ketika
bayi menangis, atau menerima ventilasi. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan perforasi
gaster akut yang sering kali mematikan. Trakea juga dipengaruh oleh
gangguan embriologenesis pada atresia esofagus. Membran trakea seringkali
melebar dengan bentuk D, bukan C seperti biasa. Perubahan ini menyebabkan
kelemahan sekunder pada stuktur anteroposterior trakea atau trakeomalacia. Kelemahan
ini akan menyebabkan gejala batuk kering dan dapat terjadi kolaps parsial pada
eksirasi penuh. Sekret sulit untuk dibersihkan dan dapat menjurus ke pneumonia
berulang. Trakea juga dapat kolaps secara parsial ketika makan, setelah
manipulasi, atau ketika terjadi refluks gastroesofagus; yang dapat menjurus ke
kegagalan nafas; hipoksia, bahkan apnea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pathway</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komplikasi-komplikasi
yang bisa timbul setelah operasi perbaikan pada atresia esofagus dan fistula
atresia esophagus adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Dismotilitas esophagus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dismotilitas
terjadi karena kelemahan otot dingin esophagus. Berbagai tingkat dismotilitas
bisa terjadi setelah operasi ini. Komplikasi ini terlihat saat bayi sudah mulai
makan dan minum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Gastroesofagus refluk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kira-kira
50 % bayi yang menjalani operasi ini kana mengalami gastroesofagus refluk pada
saat kanak-kanak atau dewasa, dimana asam lambung naik atau refluk ke
esophagus. Kondisi ini dapat diperbaiki dengan obat (medical) atau pembedahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Trakeo esogfagus fistula berulang.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembedahan
ulang adalah terapi untuk keadaan seperti ini.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Disfagia atau kesulitan menelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disfagia
adalah tertahannya makanan pada tempat esophagus yang diperbaiki. Keadaan ini
dapat diatasi dengan menelan air untuk tertelannya makanan dan mencegah
terjadinya ulkus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Kesulitan bernafas dan tersedak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komplikasi
ini berhubungan dengan proses menelan makanan, tertaannya makanan dan saspirasi
makanan ke dalam trakea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Batuk kronis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batuk
merupakan gejala yang umum setelah operasi perbaikan atresia esophagus, hal ini
disebabkan kelemahan dari trakea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.Meningkatnya infeksi saluran
pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencegahan
keadaan ini adalah dengan mencegah kontakk dengan orang yang menderita flu, dan
meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dengan mengkonsumsi vitamin dan suplemen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.35pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan Penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foto thraks, gambaran penebalan pada
dinding posterior trakea merupakan suatu petunjuk adanya kelainan pada
esofagus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CT Scan, terdapat penampakan
sagital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USG (Ultrasonogafi), terdapat adanya
area anehoik pada bagian tengah leher fetus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan adanya gelembung udara pada perut fetus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operasi atresia esofagus bukanlah emergensi. Segera setelah
diagnosis ditegakkan, dipasang sonde ke esofagus untuk mengisap air liur
sehingga tidak terjadi akumulasi dan resiko aspirasi dapat dikurangi. Lebih
baik bila dipasang sonde dengan 2 lumen, dimana dari lumen pertama dialirkan
NaCl untuk mencairkan air liur sedangkan lumen yang lain untuk mengisap. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila atresia esofagus disertai fistula trakeoesofageal, bayi
diletakkan dengan kepala lebih tinggi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0">
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1">
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</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30° untuk mencegah refluks/aspirasi asam
lambung. Hendaknya mulai diterapi dengan antibiotika dan konsul ke bagian
bedah. Untuk fistula yang diameternya besar, memerlukan gastrostomi yang
emergensi untuk mencegah distensi gaster akut yang mengancam hidup karena
terjadinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">respiratory embarrassment</i>.
Untuk beyi aterm yang sehat, tanpa ada anomaly lainnya, dengan pneumonitis
ringan, penutupan fistula dilakukan pada bayi yang berumur 24 – 72 jam, dan
bila mungkin sekaligus dilakukan penyambungan esofagus. Pada keadaan ini,
gastrostomi bisa tidak dilakukan, tetapi jika bayi dengan pneumonia berat, atau
berhubungan dengan masalah medis yang meningkatkan resiko bedah, maka hanya
dilakukan gastrostomi dekompresi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perawatan setelah operasi perlu dilakukan secara intensif.
Perlu dilakukan pengisapan secret di saluran napas atas secra teratur untuk
mencegah aspirasi. Nutrisi perlu diberikan secara parenteral; tetapi setelah 3
– 5 hari, nutrisi bisa diberikan lewat sonde gastrostomi. Makanan per-oral biasanya
sudah bisa diberikan 7 – 10 hari setelah operasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada atresia esofagus tanpa fistula, jika jarak antara kedua
ujung esofagus > 4 cm, biasanya perlu dilakukan pergantian esofagus, yang
diawali dengan gastrostomi untuk tempat pemberian makanan dan esofagostomi
servikal untuk diversi secret. Setelah usia 1 tahun kedua segmen esofagus bisa
bisa dihubungkan dengan sonde gaster atau segmen usus halus. </span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-28052808818089573672012-11-08T19:09:00.002-08:002012-11-08T19:09:27.784-08:00ATRESIA ANI
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HALAMAN JUDUL<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................................ </span>i</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KATA PENGANTAR <span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................................... </span>ii</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR ISI <span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................................................ </span>iii</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDUHULUAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">............................................................................................ </span>1
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span>1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">......................................................................................................... </span>1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
II <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>KONSEP
DASAR MEDIS</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................................ </span>2</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manifestasi Klinis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patofisiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data Penunjang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pathway<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................................. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengkajian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III KONSEP KEPERAWATAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosa Keperawatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Definisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Intervensi (rasional)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
IV PENUTUP<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">......................................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan
dan Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................................... </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Latar
Belakang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Atresia
ani, (dubur/pelepasan imperforated), adalah kegagalan dari selaput yang anal
untuk pecah;rinci. Dubur itu adalah utuh dan berkait dengan selaput. Atresia
ani adalah paling sering ditemui di dalam melahirkan anak sapi dan babi-babi.
Jika tujuan dubur dengan membabi buta sebagai suatu kantung culde suatu jarak
yang pendek berkenaan dengan tengkorak kepada selaput yang anal, kondisi itu
menyebut atresia rektal (Angguk dan Lahunta 1985).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dubur/pelepasan vaginalis
adalah keganjilan di mana satu pembukaan tidak biasa ada antara dubur terminal
dan liang peranakan. Dubur/pelepasan itu bisa secara parsial dikembangkan atau
kekurangan dan tinja diungsikan melalui vulva. Ketiadaan dubur/pelepasan, dubur
atau tanda titik dua kecil adalah satu menerima warisan kelainan mematikan. Itu
muncul yang luar biasa di dalam populasi yang umum hanya dengan suatu secara
relatif persentase yang tinggi di dalam jenis atau bangsa dengan darah
bercampur yang tertentu (Oehme dan Perier 1974).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelainan
kongenital pada anus ini biasanya disebabkan karena putusnya saluran pencernaan
dari atas dengan daerah dubur, kegagalan pertumbuhan saat bayi dalam kandungan
berusia 12 minggu /3 bulan, dan adanya gangguan atau berhentinya perkembangan
embriologik didaerah usus, rektum bagian distal serta traktus urogenitalis,
yang terjadi antara minggu keempat sampai keenam usia kehamilan. Bentuk cacat
sejak lahir merekam dalam 71 pemamah biak, termasuk melahirkan anak sapi, anak
domba dan anak-anak, secara retrospektif ditinjau. Ada 15 atresia ani,10
atresia ani recti, 2 atresia ani dengan vaginal dan kesterilan kandung
kecing/dalam, 11 dubur/pelepasan vaginalis, 3 kloaka yang gigih, satu kloaka
yang gigih dengan kesterilan tulang belakang, 11 urachus yang gigih, 7
divertikulum urethral, 8 omphalocele dan 3 meningoceles. Perawatan berhub dg
pembedahan untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kondisi-kondisi seperti
itu dilaksanakan setelah diagnosis pembedaan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumusan
Masalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Apakah
yang dimaksud dengan Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Apa
etiologi dari Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sebutkan
manifestasi klinis dari Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagaimana
Patofisiologi dari Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Apa
saja data penunjang dari Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagaimana
pathway dari Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagaimana
pengkajian pada Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Apa
sajakah diagnosa keperawatan dari Atresia Ani ?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Adapun tujuannya yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan tentang definisi dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Atresia Ani.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan etiologi dari Atresia Ani.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menyebutkan manifestasi klinis dari Atresia Ani </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan patofisiologi dari Atresia Ani .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menyebutkan data penunjang dari Atresia Ani .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan pathway dari Atresia Ani .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu melakukan pengkajian pada Atresia Ani .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa
mampu menegakkan diagnosa keperawatan dari Atresia Ani.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KONSEP DASAR
MEDIS</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Definisi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Atresia Ani merupakan
kelainan bawaan (kongenital), tidak adanya lubang atau saluran anus (Donna L.
Wong, 520 : 2003).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atresia
Ani / Atresia Rekti adalah ketiadaan atau tertutupnya rectal secara kongenital
(Dorland, 1998).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atresia
Ani adalah kelainan kongenital yang dikenal sebagai anus imperforate meliputi
anus, rektum atau keduanya (Betz. Ed 3 tahun 2002).</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia Ani
berasal dari dari bahasa Yunani, artinya tidak ada, atresia artinya nutrisi
atau makanan. Dalam istilah kedokteran atresia itu sendiri adalah keadaan tidak
adanya atau tertutupnya lubang badan normal atau organ tubuler secara kongenital
disebut juga clausura.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan kata
lain tidak adanya lubang di tempat yang seharusnya atau buntutnya saluran atau
rongga tubuh. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena bawaan sejak lahir atau terjadi
kemudian karena proses penyakit yang mengenai saluran itu. Atresia ani yaitu
yaitu tidak berlubangnya dubur. Atresia ani memiliki nama lain yaitu Anus
imperforata.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Putusnya saluran pencernaan dari
atas dengan daerah dubur sehingga bayi lahir tanpa lubang dubur</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegagalan pertumbuhan saat bayi
dalam kandungan berusia 12 minggu/3 bulan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya gangguan atau berhentinya
perkembangan embriologik didaerah usus, rektum bagian distal serta traktus
urogenitalis, yang terjadi antara minggu keempat sampai keenam usia kehamilan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manifestasi Klinik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekonium
tidak keluar dalam 24 jam pertama setelah kelahiran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak dapat
dilakukan pengukuran suhu rectal pada bayi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekonium
keluar melalui sebuah fistula atau anus yang salah letaknya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distensi bertahap dan adanya
tanda-tanda obstruksi usus (bila tidak ada fistula).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayi
muntah-muntah pada umur 24-48 jam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada pemeriksaan rectal touché
terdapat adanya membran anal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perut kembung.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Betz.
Ed 7. 2002)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Malformasi
anorektal terjadi akibat kegagalan penurunan septum anorektal pada kehidupan
embrional. Anus dan rektum berkembang dari embrionik bagian belakang. Ujung
ekor dari bagian belakang berkembang menjadi kloaka yang merupakan bakaal
genitoury dan struktur anorektal. Terjadi stenosis anal karena adanya
penyempitan pada kanal anorektal. Terjadi atresia anal karena tidak ada
kelengkapan migrasi dan perkembangan struktur kolon antara 7 dan 10 minggu
dalam perkembangan fekal. Kegagalan migarasi dapat juga karena kegagalan dalam
agenesis sacral dan abnormalitas pada uretraa dan vagina. Tidak ada pembukaan
usus besar yang keluar anus menyebabkan fekal tidak dapat dikeluarkan sehingga
intestinal mengalami obstruksi. Obstruksi ini mengakibatkan distensi abdomen,
sekuestrasi cairan, muntah dengan segala akibatnya. Apabila urin mengalir
melalui fistel menuju rektum, maka urin akan diabsorbsi sehingga terjadi
asidosis hiperchloremia, sebaliknya feses mengalir kearah traktus urinarius
menyebabkan infeksi berulang. Pada keadaan ini biasanya akan terbentuk fistula
antara rektum dengan organ sekitarnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data Penunjang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan rectal digital dan
visual adalah pemeriksaan diagnostik yang umum dilakukan pada gangguan ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika ada fistula, urin dapat
diperiksa untuk memeriksa adanya sel-sel epitel mekonium.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan sinyal X lateral infeksi
(teknik wangensteen-rice) dapat menunjukkan adanya kumpulan udara dalam ujung
rectum yang buntu pada mekonium yang mencegah udara sampai keujung kantong
rectal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ultrasound dapat digunakan untuk
menentukan letak rectal kantong.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspirasi jarum untuk mendeteksi
kantong rectal dengan menusukan jarum tersebut sampai melakukan aspirasi, jika
mekonium tidak keluar pada saat jarum sudah masuk 1,5 cm Derek tersebut
dianggap defek tingkat tinggi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan radiologis dapat ditemukan
:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Udara dalam usus berhenti tiba-tiba
yang menandakan obstruksi di daerah tersebut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada bayangan udara dalam
rongga pelvis pada bagian baru lahir dan gambaran ini harus dipikirkan
kemungkinan atresia reftil/anus impoefartus, pada bayi dengan anus impoefartus.
Udara berhenti tiba-tiba di daerah sigmoid, kolon/rectum.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibuat foto anterpisterior (AP) dan
lateral. Bayi diangkat dengan kepala dibawah dan kaki diatas pada anus benda
bang radio-opak, sehingga pada foto daerah antara benda radio-opak dengan
dengan bayangan udara tertinggi dapat diukur.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGKAJIAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biodata klien</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat keperawatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat keperawatan/kesehatan
sekarang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat kesehatan masa lalu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat psikologis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koping keluarga dalam menghadapi
masalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Riwayat tumbuh kembang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BB lahir abnormal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuan motorik halus, motorik
kasar, kognitif dan tumbuh kembang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernah mengalami trauma saat sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sakit kehamilan mengalami infeksi
intrapartal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sakit kehamilan tidak keluar
mekonium</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan social</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemeriksaan
Fisik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan fisik terhadap daerah penutupan kolostomi:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan luka:
tanda kemerahan, pengeluaran cairan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pembengkakan dan menutup
sempurna</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pengkajian kepatenan lubang
anal pada bayi baru lahir </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan daerah rektum:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengeluaran feses</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Observasi adanya pasase mekonium. Perhatikan bila mekonium
tampak pada orifisium yang tidak tepat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Observasi feses yang seperti karbon pada bayi yang lebih
besar atau anak kecil yang mempunyai riwayat kesulitan defekasi atau distensi
abdomen </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bantu dengan prosedur diagnostik mis : endoskopi, radiografi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecemasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KONSEP KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosa
Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pre Oprasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gangguan
eliminasi BAB berhubungan dengan feses keluar melalui vagina</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resti
infeksi berhubungan dengan feses keluar melalui vagina</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resiko
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan mual, muntah, anoreksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekurangan
volume cairan berhubungan dengan pengeluaran feses tidak terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Post Oprasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gangguan
rasa nyaman, nyeri berhubungan dengan trauma jaringan post operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resti
infeksi berhubungan dengan perawatan tidak adekuat, trauma jaringan post
operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resti
kerusakan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan perubahan pola defekasi,
pengeluaran tidak terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gangguan
body image berhubungan dengan perubahan fungsi tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Definisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pre
Operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan
ketika seorang individu mengalami atau beresiko mengalami disfungsi eliminasi
feses</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan
ketika seseorang individu beriko terserang oleh agens patogenik atau
oportunistik (virus, jamur, protozoa, atau parasit lain) dari sumber-sumber
eksternal, sumber-sumber endogen atau eksogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Suatu
keadaan ketika individu yang tidak puasa mengalami atau beresiko mengalami
penurunan berat badan yang berhubungan dengan asupan yang tidak adekuat atau
metabolism nutrient yang tidak adekuat untuk kebutuhan metabolik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan
ketika seorang individu yang tidak menjalani puasa mengalami atau beresiko
mengalami dehidrasi vascular, interstisial, atau intravascular</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Post
Oprasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan
ketika individu mengalami dan melaporkan adanya rasa ketidaknyamanan yang hebat
atau sensasi yang tidak menyenangkan selama enam bulan atau kurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan
ketika seseorang individu beriko terserang oleh agens patogenik atau
oportunistik (virus, jamur, protozoa, atau parasit lain) dari sumber-sumber
eksternal, sumber-sumber endogen atau eksogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan
ketika individu mengalami atau beresiko mengalami kerusakan jaringan epidermis
dan dermis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Suatu
keadaan ketika individu mengalami atau beresiko mengalami keadaan negative dari
perubahan mengenai perasaan, fikiran, atau pandangan mengenai dirinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pre
Operasi:</span></em></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 582px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 42.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional</span></em></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2..</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gangguan
eliminasi BAB berhubungan dengan feses keluar melalui vagina</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resti
infeksi berhubungan dengan feses keluar melalui vagina</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resiko nutrisi
kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan mual, muntah, anoreksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekurangan
volume cairan berhubungan dengan pengeluaran feses tidak terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan :</span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Tidak terjadi perubahan pola
eliminasi BAB setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan dengan KH: </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasien dapat BAB dengan normal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tidak ada perubahan pada jumlah
feses</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan : Tidak
ada tanda-tanda infeksi setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 2 x 24
jam dengan KH: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tanda infeksi
tidak ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan :
Tidak terjadi kekurangan nutrisi setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan
dengan KH :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasien tidak mengalami
penurunan berat badan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Turgor pasien baik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasien tidak mual, muntah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nafsu makan bertambah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan :
Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan kebutuhan volume cairan terpenuhi
dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Turgor kulit baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengeluaran feses
terkontrol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kaji
tingkat nyeri yang dirasakan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ajarkan
teknik relaksasi distraksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berikan
posisi yang nyaman pada pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kolaborasi
pemberian obat sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kaji KU pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Observasi tanda-tanda
infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kolaborasi
pemberian antibiotik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Kaji KU pasien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Timbang berat badan pasien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Catat frekuensi mual, muntah
pasien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Catat masukan nutrisi pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Beri motivasi pasien untuk
meningkatkan asupan nutrisi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Kolaborasi dengan ahli gizi
dalam pengaturan menu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Monitor intake – output
cairan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Lakukan
pemasangan infus dan berikan cairan IV</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Pantau TTV</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.8pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.Mengetahui pola BAB pasien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Mengetahui input dan output cairan yang
ada dalam tubuh klien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.Mengetahui
adanya komplikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4.Mengurangi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rasa sakit </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Untuk mengetahui keadsaan umum pasien</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.Mengetahui adanya tanda-tanda infeksi </span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Untuk meminimalkan jumlah bakteri </span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Mengetahui keadaan umum pasien</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Mengantisipasi
adanya malnutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengetahui output pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Mengetahui
input pasien</span><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Untuk menambah nutrisi pasien</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Mengetahui diit yang dibutuhkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengantisipasi
adanya dehidrasi</span><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui
kehilangan cairan melalui suhu tubuh yang tinggi</span><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui
keadaan umum pasien</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Post Oprasi </span></em></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 601px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.15pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional</span></em></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.15pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1`.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2..</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.</span></em></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gangguan rasa
nyaman, nyeri berhubungan dengan trauma jaringan post operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resti infeksi
berhubungan dengan perawatan tidak adekuat, trauma jaringan post operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Resti
kerusakan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan perubahan pola defekasi,
pengeluaran tidak terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan :
Nyeri berkurang setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 24 jam pertama
dengan KH:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nyeri berkurang</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasien merasa tenang</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tidak ada perubahan tanda vital</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan : Tidak
terjadi kerusakan integritas kulit setalah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan 24
jam pertama dengan KH:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mempertahankan integritas kulit
</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tidak terdapat tanda-tanda infeksikerusakan
integritas kulit</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengindentifisikasi
faktor resiko individu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan
diharapkan tidak terjadi kerusakan intergritas kulit dengan KH:</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.tidak terjadi infeksi pada stoma.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kaji
tingkat nyeri yang dirasakan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berikan
penjelasan pada pasien tentang nyeri yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ajarkan
teknik relaksasi, distraksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bantu
melakukan latihan rentang gerak </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kolaborasi
pemberian analgetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lihat
stoma/area kulit peristomal pada setiap penggantian kantong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berikan
perlindungan kulit yang efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kosongkan
irigasi dan kebersihan dengan rutin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Awasi
adanya rasa gatal disekitar stoma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Gunakan kantong kolostomi yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Kosongkan kantong kolostomi setelah terisi ¼ atau 1/3
kantong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Lakukan perawatan luka sesuai order dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Mengetahui tingkat nyeri pada pasien.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Pasien mampu menerima apa yang terjadi pada
pasien.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.Mengurangi rasa nyeri 4.Agar tidak terjadi
imobilitas pada pasien.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5.Mengurangi rasa nyeri pada luka post operasi.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.mengetahui terjadi infeksi atau tidak.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.Mencegah terjadinya infeksi</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.menjaga kebersihan dan kenyamanan pasien.</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4.Mengetahui adanya tanda-tanda infeksi</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.Agar feses tidak keluar</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.Agar pasien nyaman dan tidak menimbulkan bau</span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.Agar
luka cepat sembuh.</span></em></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atresia Ani
berasal dari dari bahasa Yunani, artinya tidak ada, atresia artinya nutrisi
atau makanan. Dalam istilah kedokteran atresia itu sendiri adalah keadaan tidak
adanya atau tertutupnya lubang badan normal atau organ tubuler secara
kongenital disebut juga clausura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Atresia Ani merupakan
kelainan bawaan (kongenital), tidak adanya lubang atau saluran anus (Donna L.
Wong, 520 : 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan kata
lain tidak adanya lubang di tempat yang seharusnya atau buntutnya saluran atau
rongga tubuh. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena bawaan sejak lahir atau terjadi
kemudian karena proses penyakit yang mengenai saluran itu. Atresia ani yaitu
yaitu tidak berlubangnya dubur. Atresia ani memiliki nama lain yaitu Anus imperforata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Semoga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> pembaca
dapat memahami apa yang disajikan dalam makalah ini dan dapat bermanfaat bagi
pembaca</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Betz, Cealy L. & Linda A. Sowden. 2002. <i>Buku Saku
Keperawatan Pediatrik</i>. Edisike-3. Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carpenito, Lynda Juall. 1997. <i>Buku Saku Diagnosa
Keperawatan</i>. Edisi ke-6. Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wong, Donna L. 2003. <i>Pedoman Klinis Keperawatan Pediatrik</i>.
Sri Kurnianianingsih (ed), Monica Ester (Alih Bahasa). edisi ke-4. Jakarta :
EGC.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Brunner and
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Doengoes Merillynn. (1999) (<em><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rencana</span></u></b></em>
<em><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asuhan</span></u></b></em>
Keperawatan). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://rusari.com/" title="Nursing"><em><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nursing</span></b></em></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <em><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">care</span></u></b></em> plans.
Guidelines for planing and documenting patient <em><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">care</span></u></b></em>. Alih bahasa
: I Made Kariasa, Ni Made Sumarwati. EGC. Jakarta.<br />
Dorland. (1998). Kamus Saku Kedokteran Dorlana. Alih Bahasa: Dyah Nuswantari
Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC<br />
Prince A Sylvia. (1995). (patofisiologi). Clinical Concept. Alih bahasa : Peter
Anugrah EGC. Jakarta.<br />
Long, Barbara. C. (1996). Perawatan Medikal <em><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bedah</span></u></b></em>. Terjemahan: Ikatan Alumni
Pendidikan Keperawatan. USA: CV</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-77831741813172848512012-11-08T19:01:00.002-08:002012-11-08T19:01:42.273-08:00LUKA BAKARLUKA BAKAR<br />
<br />
<br />A. PENGERTIAN <br /> Luka bakar adalah kerusakan atau kehilangan jaringan yang disebabkan kontak dengan sumber panas seperti api, air panas, bahan kimia, listrik, dan radiasi ( Moenajat, 2001).<br /><br />B. ETIOLOGI<br /> Disebabkan oleh perpindahan energi dari sumber panas ke tubuh melelui konduksi atau radiasi elektromagnitik.<br /><br /> Berdasarkan perjalanan penyakitnya luka bakar dibagi menjadi 3 fase, yaitu :<br /> 1. Fase akut<br /> Pada fase ini problema yang ada berkisar pada gangguan saluran napas karena adanya cedera inhalasi dan gangguan sirkulasi. Pada fase ini terjadi gangguan keseimbangan sirkulasi cairan dan elektrolit akibat cedera termis bersifat sistemik.<br /><br /> 2. Fase sub akut<br /> Fase ini berlangsung setelah shock berakhir. Luka terbuka akibat kerusakan jaringan (kulit dan jaringan dibawahnya) menimbulkan masalah inflamasi, sepsis dan penguapan cairan tubuh disertai panas/energi.<br /><br /> 3. Fase lanjut<br /> Fase ini berlangsung setelah terjadi penutupan luka sampai terjadi maturasi. Masalah pada fase ini adalah timbulnya penyulit dari luka bakar berupa parut hipertrofik, kontraktur, dan deformitas lainnya.<br /><br />C. PATOFISOLOGI<br /> Luka bakar mengakibatkan peningkatan permebilitas pembuluh darah sehingga air, klorida dan protein tubuh akan keluar dari dalam sel dan menyebabkan edema yang dapat berlanjut pada keadaan hipovolemia dan hemokonsentrasi. Burn shock ( shock Hipovolemik ) merupakan komplikasi yang sering terjadi, manisfestasi sistemik tubuh trhadap kondisi ini adalah :<br /> 1. Respon kardiovaskuiler<br /> perpindahan cairan dari intravaskuler ke ekstravaskuler melelui kebocoran kapiler mengakibatkan kehilangan Na, air dan protein plasma serta edema jaringan yang diikuti dengan penurunan curah jantung Hemokonsentrasi sel darah merah, penurunan perfusi pada organ mayor edema menyeluruh.<br /><br /> 2. Respon Renalis<br /> Dengan menurunnya volume inravaskuler maka aliran ke ginjal dan GFR menurun mengakibatkan keluaran urin menurun dan bisa berakibat gagal ginjal<br /><br /> 3. Respon Gastro Intestinal<br /> Respon umum pada luka bakar > 20 % adalah penurunan aktivitas gastrointestinal. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kombinasi efek respon hipovolemik dan neurologik serta respon endokrin terhadap adanya perlukan luas. Pemasangan NGT mencegah terjadinya distensi abdomen, muntah dan aspirasi.<br /><br /> 4. Respon Imonologi<br /> Sebagian basis mekanik, kulit sebgai mekanisme pertahanan dari organisme yang masuk. Terjadinya gangguan integritas kulit akan memungkinkan mikroorganisme masuk kedalam luka.<br /><br />D. KLASIFIKASI LUKA BAKAR<br /> Untuk membantu mempermudah penilaian dalam memberikan terapi dan perawatan, luka bakar diklasifikasikan berdasarkan penyebab, kedalaman luka, dan keseriusan luka, yakni :<br /> 1. Berdasarkan penyebab<br />o Luka bakar karena api<br />o Luka bakar karena air panas<br />o Luka bakar karena bahan kimia<br />o Laka bakar karena listrik<br />o Luka bakar karena radiasi<br />o Luka bakar karena suhu rendah (frost bite).<br /><br /><br /> 2. Berdasarkan kedalaman luka bakar<br /> a. Luka bakar derajat I<br /> - Kerusakan terjadi pada lapisan epidermis<br /> - Kulit kering, hiperemi berupa eritema<br /> - Tidak dijumpai bulae<br /> - Nyeri karena ujung-ujung saraf sensorik teriritasi<br /> - Penyembuhan terjadi spontan dalam waktu 5-10 hari<br /> b. Luka bakar derajat II<br /> - Kerusakan meliputi epidermis dan sebagian dermis, berupa reaksi inflamasi disertai proses eksudasi.<br /> - Dijumpai bulae.<br /> - Nyeri karena ujung-ujung saraf teriritasi.<br /> - Dasar luka berwarna merah atau pucat, sering terletak lebih tinggi diatas kulit normal.<br /><br /> Luka bakar derajat II ini dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua), yaitu :<br /> - Derajat II dangkal (superficial) <br />o Kerusakan mengenai bagian superfisial dari dermis.<br />o Organ-organ kulit seperti folikel rambut, kelenjar keringat, kelenjar sebasea masih utuh.<br />o Penyembuhan terjadi spontan dalam waktu 10-14 hari.<br /> - Derajat II dalam (deep)<br />o Kerusakan mengenai hampir seluruh bagian dermis.<br />o Organ-organ kulit seperti folikel rambut, kelenjar keringat, kelenjar sebasea sebagian besar masih utuh.<br />o Penyembuhan terjadi lebih lama, tergantung epitel yang tersisa. Biasanya penyembuhan terjadi lebih dari sebulan.<br /> c. Luka bakar derajat III<br />Kerusakan meliputi seluruh lapisan dermis dan lapisan yang lebih dalam.<br />Organ-organ kulit seperti folikel rambut, kelenjar keringat, kelenjar sebasea mengalami kerusakan.<br />Tidak dijumpai bulae.<br />Kulit yang terbakar berwarna abu-abu dan pucat. Karena kering letaknya lebih rendah dibanding kulit sekitar.<br />Terjadi koagulasi protein pada epidermis dan dermis yang dikenal sebagai eskar.<br />Tidak dijumpai rasa nyeri dan hilang sensasi, oleh karena ujung-ujung saraf sensorik mengalami kerusakan/kematian.<br />Penyembuhan terjadi lama karena tidak terjadi proses epitelisasi spontan dari dasar luka.<br /><br /> 3. Berdasarkan tingkat keseriusan luka<br /> American Burn Association menggolongkan luka bakar menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu: <br /> a. Luka bakar mayor<br />- Luka bakar dengan luas lebih dari 25% pada orang dewasa dan lebih dari 20% pada anak-anak.<br />- Luka bakar fullthickness lebih dari 20%.<br />- Terdapat luka bakar pada tangan, muka, mata, telinga, kaki, dan perineum.<br />- Terdapat trauma inhalasi dan multiple injuri tanpa memperhitungkan derajat dan luasnya luka.<br />- Terdapat luka bakar listrik bertegangan tinggi.<br /> b. Luka bakar moderat<br />- Luka bakar dengan luas 15-25% pada orang dewasa dan 10-20% pada anak-anak.<br />- Luka bakar fullthickness kurang dari 10%.<br />- Tidak terdapat luka bakar pada tangan, muka, mata, telinga, kaki, dan perineum.<br /> c. Luka bakar minor<br /> Luka bakar minor seperti yang didefinisikan oleh Trofino (1991) dan Griglak (1992) adalah :<br />- Luka bakar dengan luas kurang dari 15% pada orang dewasa dan kurang dari 10 % pada anak-anak.<br />- Luka bakar fullthickness kurang dari 2%.<br />- Tidak terdapat luka bakar di daerah wajah, tangan, dan kaki.<br />- Luka tidak sirkumfer.<br />- Tidak terdapat trauma inhalasi, elektrik, fraktur.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Ukuran luas luka bakar<br /> Dalam menentukan ukuran luas luka bakar kita dapat menggunakan beberapa metode yaitu :<br /> 1. Rule of nine<br />- a Kepala dan leher : 9%<br />- a Dada depan dan belakang : 18%<br />- a Abdomen depan dan belakang : 18%<br />- a Tangan kanan dan kiri : 18%<br />- a Paha kanan dan kiri : 18%<br />- a Kaki kanan dan kiri : 18%<br />- a Genital : 1%<br /><br /> 2. Diagram<br /> Penentuan luas luka bakar secara lebih lengkap dijelaskan dengan diagram Lund dan Browder sebagai berikut:<br /><br />E. KOMPLIKASI LANJUT LUKA BAKAR<br />- q Hypertropi jaringan. <br />- q Kontraktur.<br /><br />F. PENATALAKSANAAN <br /> 1. Penanggulangan terhadap shock<br /> 2. mengatasi gangguan keseimbangan cairan<br />Protokol pemberian cairan mengunakan rumus Brooke yang sudah dimodifikasi yaitu :<br />24 jam I : Ciran Ringer Lactat : 2,5 – 4 cc/kg BB/% LB.<br />- ½ bagian diberikan dalam 8 jam pertama (dihitung mulai dari jam kecelakaan).<br />- ½ bagian lagi diberikan dalam 16 jam berikutnya.<br />24 jam II : Cairan Dex 5 % in Water : 24 x (25 + % LLB) X BSA cc.<br />Albumin sebanyak yang diperlukan, (0,3 – 0,5 cc/kg/%).<br /> 3. Mengatasi gangguan pernafasan<br /> 4. Mengataasi infeksi<br /> 5. Eksisi eskhar dan skin graft.<br /> 6. Pemberian nutrisi<br /> 7. Rahabilitasi<br /> 8. Penaggulangan terhadap gangguan psikologis.<br /><br />G. PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG<br /> 1. Diagnosa medis<br /> 2. pemeriksaan dignostik<br />- laboratorium : Hb, Ht, Leucosit, Thrombosit, Gula darah, Elektrolit, Ureum, Kreatinin, Protein, Albumin, Hapusan luka, Urine lengkap, Analisa gas darah (bila diperlukan), dan lain – lain.<br />- Rontgen : Foto Thorax, dan lain-lain.<br />- EKG<br />- CVP : untuk mengetahui tekanan vena sentral, diperlukan pada luka bakar lebih dari 30 % dewasa dan lebih dari 20 % pada anak.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> RENCANA ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DENGAN LUKA BAKAR<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 1:<br /> Tidak efektifnya pertukaran gas/oksigen b.d kerusakan jalan nafas.<br />Tujuan :<br /> Oksigenasi jaringan adekuat <br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - Tidak ada tanda-tanda sianosis<br /> - Frekuensi nafas 12 - 24 x/mnt<br /> - SP O2 > 95<br />Intervensi :<br />kaji tanda-tanda distress nafas, bunyi, frekuensi, irama, kedalaman nafas.<br />monitor tanda-tanda hypoxia(agitsi,takhipnea, stupor,sianosis) <br />monitor hasil laboratorium, AGD, kadar oksihemoglobin, hasil oximetri nadi,<br />Kolaborasi dengan tim medis untuk pemasangan endotracheal tube atau tracheostomi tube bila diperlukan.<br />kola bolarasi dengan tim medis untuk pemasangan ventilator bila diperlukan.<br />kolaborasi dengan tim medis untuik pemberian inhalasi terapi bila diperlukan<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 3:<br /> Gangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit b.d banyaknya penguapan/cairan tubuh yang keluar.<br />Tujuan :<br /> Pemulihan cairan optimal dan keseimbangan elektrolit serta perfusi organ vital tercapai <br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - BP 100-140/60 –90 mmHg<br /> - Produksi urine >30 ml/jam (minimal 1 ml/kg BB/jam)<br /> - Ht 37-43 %<br /> - Turgor elastis<br /> - Mucosa lembab<br /> - Akral hangat<br /> - Rasa haus tidak ada<br />Intervensi :<br />· Berikan banyak minum kalau kondisi lambung memungkinkan baik secara langsung maupun melalui NGT<br />· Monitor dan catat intake, output (urine 0,5 – 1 cc/kg.bb/jam)<br />· Beri cairan infus yang mengandung elektrolit (pada 24 jam ke I), sesuai dengan rumus formula yang dipakai<br />· Monitor vital sign<br />· Monitor kadar Hb, Ht, elektrolit, minimal setiap 12 jam.<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 4 :<br /> Nyeri b.d kerusakan kulit dan tindakan pencucian .<br />Tujuan :<br /> Nyeri berkurang<br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - Skala 1-2<br /> - Expresi wajah tenang<br /> - Nadi 60-100 x/mnt<br /> - Klien tidak gelisah<br />Intervensi :<br />· Kaji rasa nyeri <br />· Atur posisi tidur senyaman mungkin<br />· Anjurkan klien untuk teknik rileksasi<br />· Lakukan prosedur pencucian luka dengan hati-hati <br />· Anjurkan klien untuk mengekspresikan rasa nyeri yang dirasakan<br />· Beri tahu klien tentang penyebab rasa sakit pada luka bakar<br />· Kolaborasi dengan tinm medis untuik pemberian analgetik<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 5:<br /> Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b.d peningkatan metabolik(BMR)<br />Tujuan :<br /> Intake nutrisi adekuat dengan mempertahankan 85-90% BB <br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - Intake kalori 1600 -2000 kkal<br /> - Intake protein +- 40 gr /hari<br /> - Makanan yang disajikan habis dimakan<br />Intervensi :<br />· kaji sejauh mana kurangnya nutrisi<br />· lakukan penimbangan berat badan klien setiap hari (bila mungkin)<br />· pertahankan keseimbangan intake dan output<br />· jelaskan kepada klien tentang pentingnya nutrisi sebagai penghasil kalori yang sangat dibutuhkan tubuh dalam kondisi luka bakar.<br />· Kolaborasi dengan tim medis untuk pemberian nutrisi parenteral<br />· Kolaborsi dengan tim ahli gizi untuk pemberian nutrisi yang adekuat.<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 6:<br /> Risti infeksi b.d kerusakan integritas kulit<br />Tujuan :<br /> Infeksi tidak terjadi <br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - Suhu 36 – 37 C <br /> - BP 100-140/60 –90 mmHg<br /> - Leukosit 5000 -10.000.ul <br /> - Tidak ada kemerahan, pembengkakan, dan kelainan fungsi<br />Intervensi :<br />· Beritahu klien tentang tindakan yang akan dilakukan<br />· Cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah melekukan tindakan<br />· Gunakan sarung tangan steril, masker, penutup kepala dan tehnik aseptic selama dalam perawatan<br />· Kaji sampai dimana luas dan kedalaman luka klien, kalau memungkinkan beritahu klien tentang kondisinya<br />· Kaji tanda-tanda infeksi (dolor, kolor, rubor, tumor dan fungsiolesa)<br />· Lakukan ganti balutan dengan tehnik steril, gunakan obat luka (topical)yang sesuai dengan kondisi luka dan sesuai dengan program medis<br />· Monitor vital sign<br />· Petahankan personal hygiene<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 7:<br /> Gangguan mobilisasi b.d keruskan jaringan dan kontraktur<br />Tujuan :<br /> Mobilitas fisik optimal<br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - OS mampu melakukan ROM aktif<br /> - Tidak ada tanda-tanda kontraktur daerah luka bakar<br /> - Kebutuhan sehari-hari terpenuhiA<br />Intervensi :<br />· Kaji kemampuan ROM (Range Of Motion)<br />· Ajarkan dan anjurkan klien untuk berlatih menggerakan persendian pada eksteremitas secara bertahap.<br />· Beri support mental<br />· Kolaborasi dengan tim fisioterapi<br />· untuk program latihan selanjutnya<br /><br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 8:<br /> Cemas/takut b.d hospitalisasi/prosedur isolasi<br />Tujuan :<br /> Rasa cemas/takut hilang dan klien dapat beradaptasi <br />Kriteria Hasil :<br /> - Klien terlihat tenang<br /> - Os mengerti tentang prosedur perawatan luka bakar<br />Intervensi :<br />· Kaji sejauh mana rasa/takut klien<br />· Beri kesempatan klien untuk mengungkapkan perasaannya<br />· Beri tahu klien tentang prosedur perawatan luka bakar<br />· Jelaskan pada klien mengapa perlu dilakukan perawatan dengan prosedur isolasi<br />· Beritahu keadaan lokasi tempat klien rawat<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 9:<br /> Gangguan body image b.d perubahan penampilan fisik<br />Tujuan :<br /> Gangguan body image <br />Kriteria Hasil:<br /> - Daerah luka bakar dalam perbaikan<br /> - OS dapat menerima kondisinya<br /> - OS tenang<br />Intervensi :<br />· Kaji sejauh mana ras khawatir klien tentang akibat luka bakar<br />· Beri kesempatan klien untuk mengungkapkan perasaannya<br />· Lakukan prosedur perawatan yang tepat sehingga tidak terjadi komlikasi berupa cacat fisik<br />· Beri support mental dan ajak keluarga dalam memberikan support<br /><br />Diagnosa Keperawatan 10:<br /> Kurang pengetahuan tentang kondisi luka bakar, prognosis dan perawatan luka bakar b.d kurangnya informasi<br /><br />Tujuan :<br /> Klien mengetahui tentang kondisi luka bakar, prognosisi dan perawatan luka bakar <br />Kriteria Hasil :<br /> - Klien terlihat tenang<br /> - Klien mengerti tentang kondisinya<br />Intervensi :<br />· Kaji sejauh mana pengetahuan klien tentang kondisi, prognosis dan harapan masa depan<br />· Diskusikan harapan klien untuk kembali kerumah, bekerja dan kembali melakukan aktifitras secara normal<br />· Anjurkan klien untuk menentukan program latihan dan waktu untuk istirahat<br />· Beri kesempatan pada klien untuk bertanya mengenai hal-hal yang tidak diketahuinya.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13888685726241734688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954021124315212169.post-11167060155770845472012-11-08T18:56:00.000-08:002012-11-08T18:56:40.156-08:00DIARE<div style="text-align: center;">
KONSEP DASAR</div>
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A. PENGERTIAN<br /> 1. Diare adalah buang air besar (defekasi) dengan tinja berbentuk cairan atau setengah cairan, dengan demikian kandungan air pada tinja lebih banyak dari keadaan normal yakni 100-200 ml sekali defekasi (Hendarwanto, 1999).<br /><br /> 2. Menurut WHO (1980) diare adalah buang air besar encer atau cair lebih dari tiga kali sehari.<br /><br /> 3. Diare ialah keadaan frekuensi buang air besar lebih dari 4 kali pada bayi dan lebih dari 3 kali pada anak dengan konsistensi feses encer, dapat berwarna hijau atau dapat bercampur lendir dan darah (Ngastiyah, 1997).<br /><br /> 4. Diare Infeksius adalah suatu keadaan dimana anak sering buang air besar dengan tinja yang encer sebagai akibat dari suatu infeksi. (www.medicastore,2007)<br /><br />B. ETIOLOGI<br /> 1. Faktor infeksi<br /> · Infeksi enteral; infeksi saluran pencernaan yang merupakan penyebab utama diare, meliputi infeksi bakteri (Vibrio, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Aeromonas, dsb), infeksi virus (Enterovirus, Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Astrovirus, dll), infeksi parasit (E. hystolytica, G.lamblia, T. hominis) dan jamur (C. albicans).<br /> · Infeksi parenteral; merupakan infeksi di luar sistem pencernaan yang dapat menimbulkan diare seperti: otitis media akut, tonsilitis, bronkopneumonia, ensefalitis dan sebagainya.<br /><br /> 2. Faktor Malabsorbsi<br /> Malabsorbsi karbohidrat: disakarida (intoleransi laktosa, maltosa dan sukrosa), monosakarida (intoleransi glukosa, fruktosa dan galaktosa). Intoleransi laktosa merupakan penyebab diare yang terpenting pada bayi dan anak. Di samping itu dapat pula terjadi malabsorbsi lemak dan protein.<br /><br /> 3. Faktor Makanan:<br /> Diare dapat terjadi karena mengkonsumsi makanan basi, beracun dan alergi terhadap jenis makanan tertentu.<br /><br /> 4. Faktor Psikologis<br /> Diare dapat terjadi karena faktor psikologis (rasa takut dan cemas)<br /><br />C. PATOFISIOLOGI<br /> Mekanisme dasar yang menyebabkan timbulnya diare ialah:<br /> 1. Gangguan osmotic<br /> Adanya makanan atau zat yang tidak dapat diserap akan menyebabkan tekanan osmotik dalam lumen usus meningkat sehingga terjadi pergeseran air dan elektroloit ke dalam lumen usus. Isi rongga usus yang berlebihan akan merangsang usus untuk mengeluarkannya sehingga timbul diare.<br /><br /> 2. Gangguan sekresi<br /> Akibat rangsangan tertentu (misalnya toksin) pada dinding usus akan terjadi peningkatan sekresi, air dan elektrolit ke dalam lumen usus dan selanjutnya timbul diare kerena peningkatan isi lumen usus.<br /><br /> 3. Gangguan motilitas usus<br /> Hiperperistaltik akan menyebabkan berkurangnya kesempatan usus untuk menyerap makanan sehingga timbul diare. Sebaliknya bila peristaltik usus menurun akan mengakibatkan bakteri tumbuh berlebihan, selanjutnya dapat timbul diare pula.<br /><br />D. MANIFESTASI KLINIS<br /> · Muntah.<br /> · Demam.<br /> · Nyeri Abdomen<br /> · Membran mukosa mulut dan bibir kering<br /> · Fontanel Cekung<br /> · Kehilangan berat badan<br /> · Tidak nafsu makan<br /> · Lemah<br /> Pada anak yang mengalami diare tanpa dehidrasi (kekurangan cairan).Tanda-tandanya: - Berak cair 1-2 kali sehari - Muntah tidak adaB - Haus tidak ada - Masih mau makan - Masih mau bermain<br /> Pada anak yang mengalami diare dengan dehidrasi ringan/sedang.<br /> Tanda-tandanya: - Berak cair 4-9 kali sehari - Kadang muntah 1-2 kali sehari - Kadang panas - Haus - Tidak mau makan - Badan lesu lemas<br /> Pada anak yang mengalami diare dengan dehidrasi berat.Tanda-tandanya: - Berak cair terus-menerus - Muntah terus-menerus - Haus sekali - Mata cekung - Bibir kering dan biru - Tangan dan kaki dingin - Sangat lemah - Tidak mau makan - Tidak mau bermain - Tidak kencing 6 jam atau lebih - Kadang-kadang dengan kejang dan panas tinggi<br /> Diare akut karena infeksi dapat disertai muntah-muntah, demam, tenesmus, hematoschezia, nyeri perut dan atau kejang perut. Akibat paling fatal dari diare yang berlangsung lama tanpa rehidrasi yang adekuat adalah kematian akibat dehidrasi yang menimbulkan renjatan hipovolemik atau gangguan biokimiawi berupa asidosis metabolik yang berlanjut. Seseoran yang kekurangan cairan akan merasa haus, berat badan berkurang, mata cekung, lidah kering, tulang pipi tampak lebih menonjol, turgor kulit menurun serta suara menjadi serak. Keluhan dan gejala ini disebabkan oleh deplesi air yang isotonik.<br /> Karena kehilangan bikarbonat (HCO3) maka perbandingannya dengan asam karbonat berkurang mengakibatkan penurunan pH darah yang merangsang pusat pernapasan sehingga frekuensi pernapasan meningkat dan lebih dalam (pernapasan Kussmaul)<br /> Gangguan kardiovaskuler pada tahap hipovolemik yang berat dapat berupa renjatan dengan tanda-tanda denyut nadi cepat (> 120 x/menit), tekanan darah menurun sampai tidak terukur. Pasien mulai gelisah, muka pucat, akral dingin dan kadang-kadang sianosis. Karena kekurangan kalium pada diare akut juga dapat timbul aritmia jantung.<br /> Penurunan tekanan darah akan menyebabkan perfusi ginjal menurun sampai timbul oliguria/anuria. Bila keadaan ini tidak segera diatsi akan timbul penyulit nekrosis tubulus ginjal akut yang berarti suatu keadaan gagal ginjal akut.<br /><br />E. KOMPLIKASI.<br /> · Dehidrasi<br /> · Renjatan hipovolemik<br /> · Kejang<br /> · Bakterimia<br /> · Mal nutrisi<br /> · Hipoglikemia<br /> · Intoleransi sekunder akibat kerusakan mukosa usus.<br /> Dari komplikasi Gastroentritis,tingkat dehidrasi dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :<br /> Dehidrasi ringan<br /> Kehilangan cairan 2 – 5 % dari berat badan dengan gambaran klinik turgor kulit kurang elastis, suara serak, penderita belum jatuh pada keadaan syok.<br /> Dehidrasi Sedang<br /> Kehilangan cairan 5 – 8 % dari berat badan dengan gambaran klinik turgor kulit jelek, suara serak, penderita jatuh pre syok nadi cepat dan dalam.<br /> Dehidrasi Berat<br /> Kehilangan cairan 8 - 10 % dari bedrat badan dengan gambaran klinik seperti tanda-tanda dehidrasi sedang ditambah dengan kesadaran menurun, apatis sampai koma, otot-otot kaku sampai sianosis.<br /><br /> F. PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG<br /> Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan gejala dan hasil pemeriksaan fisik.<br /> Pemeriksaan darah dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar elektrolit dan jumlah sel darah putih.<br /> Untuk mengetahui organisme penyebabnya, dilakukan pembiakan terhadap contoh tinja.<br /> Pemeriksaan laboratorium.<br /> Pemeriksaan tinja.<br /> Pemeriksaan gangguan keseimbangan asam basa dalam darah astrup,bila memungkinkan dengan menentukan PH keseimbangan analisa gas darah atau astrup,bila memungkinkan.<br /> Pemeriksaan kadar ureum dan creatinin untuk mengetahui pungsi ginjal.<br /> pemeriksaan elektrolit intubasi duodenum untuk mengetahui jasad renik atau parasit secara kuantitatif,terutama dilakukan pada penderita diare kronik.<br /><br />G. PENATALAKSANAAN<br /> · Pada anak yang mengalami diare tanpa dehidrasi (kekurangan cairan).<br /> Tindakan: - Untuk mencegah dehidrasi, beri anak minum lebih banyak dari biasanya - ASI (Air Susu Ibu) diteruskan - Makanan diberikan seperti biasanya - Bila keadaan anak bertambah berat, segera bawa ke Puskesmas terdekat<br /><br /> · Pada anak yang mengalami diare dengan dehidrasi ringan/sedang<br /> Tindakan: - Berikan oralit - ASI (Air Susu Ibu) diteruskan - Teruskan pemberian makanan - Sebaiknya yang lunak, mudah dicerna dan tidak merangsang - Bila tidak ada perubahan segera bawa kembali ke Puskesmas terdekat.<br /> · Pada anak yang mengalami diare dengan dehidrasi berat<br /> Tindakan: - Segera bawa ke Rumah Sakit / Puskesmas dengan fasilitas Perawatan - Oralit dan ASI diteruskan selama masih bisa minum<br /> Takaran Pemberian Oralit.<br /> Umur<br /> Jumlah Cairan<br /> Di bawah 1 thn<br /> 3 jam pertama 1,5 gelas selanjutnya 0.5 gelas setiap kali mencret<br /> Di bawah 5 thn (anak balita)<br /> 3 jam pertama 3 gelas, selanjutnya 1 gelas setiap kali mencret<br /> Anak diatas 5 thn<br /> 3 jam pertama 6 gelas, selanjutnya 1,5 gelas setiap kali mencret<br /> Anak diatas 12 thn & dewasa<br /> 3 jam pertama 12 gelas, selanjutnya 2 gelas setiap kali mencret (1 gelas : 200 cc)<br /><br /> Prinsip Penatalaksanaan<br /> a.Penatalaksanaan diare akut karena infeksi pada orang dewasa terdiri atas:<br /> Rehidrasi sebagai prioritas utama terapi.<br /> Tata kerja terarah untuk mengidentifkasi penyebab infeksi.<br /> Memberikan terapi simtomatik<br /> Memberikan terapi definitif.<br /> <br />Ada 4 hal yang penting diperhatikan agar dapat memberikan rehidrasi yang cepat dan akurat, yaitu:<br /> 1) Jenis cairan yang hendak digunakan.<br /> Pada saat ini cairan Ringer Laktat merupakan cairan pilihan karena tersedia cukup banyak di pasaran meskipun jumlah kaliumnya rendah bila dibandingkan dengan kadar kalium tinja. Bila RL tidak tersedia dapat diberiakn NaCl isotonik (0,9%) yang sebaiknya ditambahkan dengan 1 ampul Nabik 7,5% 50 ml pada setiap satu liter NaCl isotonik. Pada keadaan diare akut awal yang ringan dapat diberikan cairan oralit untuk mencegah dehidrasi dengan segala akibatnya.<br /><br /> 2) Jumlah cairan yang hendak diberikan.<br /> Pada prinsipnya jumlah cairan pengganti yang hendak diberikan harus sesuai dengan jumlah cairan yang keluar dari badan. Jumlah kehilangan cairan dari badan dapat dihitung dengan cara/rumus:<br /> Mengukur BJ Plasma<br /> Kebutuhan cairan dihitung dengan rumus:<br /> BJ Plasma - 1,025<br /> ———————- x BB x 4 ml<br /> 0,001<br /> Metode Pierce<br /> Berdasarkan keadaan klinis, yakni:<br /> · diare ringan, kebutuhan cairan = 5% x kg BB<br /> · diare sedang, kebutuhan cairan = 8% x kg BB<br /> · diare ringan, kebutuhan cairan = 10% x kg BB<br /><br />Metode Daldiyono<br />Berdasarkan skoring keadaan klinis sebagai berikut:<br /> · Rasa haus/muntah = 1<br /> · BP sistolik 60-90 mmHg = 1<br /> · BP sistolik <60 mmHg = 2<br /> · Frekuensi nadi >120 x/mnt = 1<br /> · Kesadaran apatis = 1<br /> · Kesadaran somnolen, sopor atau koma = 2<br /> · Frekuensi napas >30 x/mnt = 1<br /> · Facies cholerica = 2<br /> · Vox cholerica = 2<br /> · Turgor kulit menurun = 1<br /> · Washer women’s hand = 1<br /> · Ekstremitas dingin = 1<br /> · Sianosis = 2<br /> · Usia 50-60 tahun = 1<br /> · Usia >60 tahun = 2<br /> Kebutuhan cairan =<br /> Skor——– x 10% x kgBB x 1 ltr<br /><br /> 3) Jalan masuk atau cara pemberian cairan<br /> Rute pemberian cairan pada orang dewasa meliputi oral dan intravena. Larutan orali dengan komposisi berkisar 29 g glukosa, 3,5 g NaCl, 2,5 g NaBik dan 1,5 g KCl stiap liternya diberikan per oral pada diare ringan sebagai upaya pertama dan juga setelah rehidrasi inisial untuk mempertahankan hidrasi.<br /><br /> 4) Jadual pemberian cairan<br /> Jadual rehidrasi inisial yang dihitung berdasarkan BJ plasma atau sistem skor diberikan dalam waktu 2 jam dengan tujuan untuk mencapai rehidrasi optimal secepat mungkin. Jadual pemberian cairan tahap kedua yakni untuk jam ke-3 didasarkan pada kehilangan cairan selama 2 jam fase inisial sebelumnya. Dengan demikian, rehidrasi diharapkan lengkap pada akhir jam ke-3.<br /><br />b.Tata kerja terarah untuk mengidentifkasi penyebab infeksi.<br /> Untuk mengetahui penyebab infeksi biasanya dihubungkan dengan dengan keadaan klinis diare tetapi penyebab pasti dapat diketahui melalui pemeriksaan biakan tinja disertai dengan pemeriksaan urine lengkap dan tinja lengkap.Gangguan keseimbangan cairan, elektrolit dan asam basa diperjelas melalui pemeriksaan darah lengkap, analisa gas darah, elektrolit, ureum, kreatinin dan BJ plasma.Bila ada demam tinggi dan dicurigai adanya infeksi sistemik pemeriksaan biakan empedu, Widal, preparat malaria serta serologi Helicobacter jejuni sangat dianjurkan. Pemeriksaan khusus seperti serologi amuba, jamur dan Rotavirus biasanya menyusul setelah melihat hasil pemeriksaan penyaring.<br /> Secara klinis diare karena infeksi akut digolongkan sebagai berikut:<br /> 1) Koleriform, diare dengan tinja terutama terdiri atas cairan saja.<br /> 2) Disentriform, diare dengan tinja bercampur lendir kental dan kadang-kadang darah.<br /> Pemeriksaan penunjang yang telah disinggung di atas dapat diarahkan sesuai manifestasi klnis diare.<br /><br /> c.Memberikan terapi simtomatik<br /> Terapi simtomatik harus benar-benar dipertimbangkan kerugian dan keuntungannya. Antimotilitas usus seperti Loperamid akan memperburuk diare yang diakibatkan oleh bakteri entero-invasif karena memperpanjang waktu kontak bakteri dengan epitel usus yang seyogyanya cepat dieliminasi.<br /><br /> d.Memberikan terapi definitif.<br /> Terapi kausal dapat diberikan pada infeksi:<br /> 1) Kolera-eltor: Tetrasiklin atau Kotrimoksasol atau Kloramfenikol.<br /> 2) V. parahaemolyticus,<br /> 3) E. coli, tidak memerluka terapi spesifik<br /> 4) C. perfringens, spesifik<br /> 5) A. aureus : Kloramfenikol<br /> 6) Salmonellosis: Ampisilin atau Kotrimoksasol atau golongan Quinolon seperti Siprofloksasin7) Shigellosis: Ampisilin atau Kloramfenikol<br /> 8) Helicobacter: Eritromisin<br /> 9) Amebiasis: Metronidazol atau Trinidazol atau Secnidazol<br /> 10) Giardiasis: Quinacrine atau Chloroquineitiform atau Metronidazol<br /> 11) Balantidiasis: Tetrasiklin<br /> 12) Candidiasis: Mycostatin<br /> 13) Virus: simtomatik dan suportif<br /> Penyakit Diare dapat ditularkan melalui: - Pemakaian botol susu yang tidak bersih - Menggunakan sumber air yang tercemar - Buang air besar disembarang tempat - Pencemaran makanan oleh serangga (lalat, kecoa, dll) atau oleh tangan yang kotor.<br /><br />KONSEP ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA ANAK DENGAN DIARE<br /> A.PENGKAJIAN.<br /> Pengkajian yang sistematis meliputi pengumpulan data,analisa data dan penentuan masalah. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan cara intervensi,observasi,psikal assessment. Kaji data menurut Cyndi Smith Greenberg,1992 adalah :<br /> Identitas klien.<br /> Riwayat keperawatan.<br /> Awalan serangan : Awalnya anak cengeng,gelisah,suhu tubuh meningkat,anoreksia kemudian timbul diare.<br /><br /> Keluhan utama : Faeces semakin cair,muntah,bila kehilangan banyak air dan elektrolit terjadi gejala dehidrasi,berat badan menurun. Pada bayi ubun-ubun besar cekung,tonus dan turgor kulit berkurang,selaput lendir mulut dan bibir kering,frekwensi BAB lebih dari 4 kali dengan konsistensi encer.<br /><br />Riwayat kesehatan masa lalu.<br /> Riwayat penyakit yang diderita,riwayat pemberian imunisasi.<br /><br /> Riwayat psikososial keluarga.<br /> Dirawat akan menjadi stressor bagi anak itu sendiri maupun bagi keluarga,kecemasan meningkat jika orang tua tidak mengetahui prosedur dan pengobatan anak,setelah menyadari penyakit anaknya,mereka akan bereaksi dengan marah dan merasa bersalah.<br /> Kebutuhan dasar.<br /><br /> Pola eliminasi : akan mengalami perubahan yaitu BAB lebih dari 4 kali sehari,BAK sedikit atau jarang.<br /><br /> Pola nutrisi : diawali dengan mual,muntah,anopreksia,menyebabkan penurunan berat badan pasien.<br /><br /> Pola tidur dan istirahat akan terganggu karena adanya distensi abdomen yang akan menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman.<br /><br /> Pola hygiene : kebiasaan mandi setiap harinya.<br /><br /> Aktivitas : akan terganggu karena kondisi tubuh yang lamah dan adanya nyeri akibat distensi abdomen.<br /><br /> Pemerikasaan fisik.<br /> Pemeriksaan psikologis : keadaan umum tampak lemah,kesadran composmentis sampai koma,suhu tubuh tinggi,nadi cepat dan lemah,pernapasan agak cepat.<br /><br /> Pemeriksaan sistematik :<br /> Inspeksi : mata cekung,ubun-ubun besar,selaput lendir,mulut dan bibir kering,berat badan menurun,anus kemerahan.<br /> Perkusi : adanya distensi abdomen.<br /> Palpasi : Turgor kulit kurang elastis<br /> Auskultasi : terdengarnya bising usus.<br /><br /> Pemeriksaan tinglkat tumbuh kembang.<br /> Pada anak diare akan mengalami gangguan karena anak dehidrasi sehingga berat badan menurun.<br /><br /> Pemeriksaan penunjang.<br /> Pemeriksaan tinja,darah lengkap dan doodenum intubation yaitu untuk mengetahui penyebab secara kuantitatip dan kualitatif.<br /><br />B. DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN<br /> · Kekurangan volume cairan b.d kehilangan berlebihan melalui feses dan muntah serta intake terbatas (mual).<br /> · Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b.d gangguan absorbsi nutrien dan peningkatan peristaltik usus.<br /> · Nyeri (akut) b.d hiperperistaltik, iritasi fisura perirektal.<br /> · Kecemasan keluarga b.d perubahan status kesehatan anaknya<br /> · Kurang pengetahuan keluarga tentang kondisi, prognosis dan kebutuhan terapi b.d pemaparan informasi terbatas, salah interpretasi informasi dan atau keterbatasan kognitif.<br /> · Kecemasan anak b.d perpisahan dengan orang tua, lingkungan yang baru<br /><br />C. RENCANA KEPERAWATAN<br /> Dx.1 Kekurangan volume cairan b/d kehilangan berlebihan melalui feses dan muntah serta intake terbatas (mual)<br /> Tujuan : Kebutuhan cairan akan terpenuhi dengan kriteria tidak ada tanda-tanda dehidrasi<br /> Intervensi<br /> Rasional<br /> Berikan cairan oral dan parenteral sesuai dengan program rehidrasiPantau intake dan output.<br /> Sebagai upaya rehidrasi untuk mengganti cairan yang keluar bersama feses.Memberikan informasi status keseimbangan cairan untuk menetapkan kebutuhan cairan pengganti.<br /> Kaji tanda vital, tanda/gejala dehidrasi dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium<br /> Menilai status hidrasi, elektrolit dan keseimbangan asam basa<br /> Kolaborasi pelaksanaan terapi definitif<br /> Pemberian obat-obatan secara kausal penting setelah penyebab diare diketahui<br /><br /><br />Dx.2 : Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b/d gangguan absorbsi nutrien dan peningkatan peristaltik usus.<br /> Tujuan : Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi dengan kriteria terjadi peningkatan bera badan<br /> Intervensi<br /> Rasional<br /> Pertahankan tirah baring dan pembatasan aktivitas selama fase akut.<br /> Menurunkan kebutuhan metabolik<br /> Pertahankan status puasa selama fase akut (sesuai program terapi) dan segera mulai pemberian makanan per oral setelah kondisi klien mengizinkan<br /> Pembatasan diet per oral mungkin ditetapkan selama fase akut untuk menurunkan peristaltik sehingga terjadi kekurangan nutrisi. Pemberian makanan sesegera mungkin penting setelah keadaan klinis klien memungkinkan.<br /> Bantu pelaksanaan pemberian makanan sesuai dengan program diet<br /> Memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi klien<br /> Kolaborasi pemberian nutrisi parenteral sesuai indikasi<br /> Mengistirahatkan kerja gastrointestinal dan mengatasi/mencegah kekurangan nutrisi lebih lanjut<br /> <br />Dx.3 : Nyeri (akut) b/d hiperperistaltik, iritasi fisura perirektal.<br />Tujuan : Nyeri berkurang dengan kriteria tidak terdapat lecet pada perirektal<br /> Intervensi<br /> Rasional<br /> Atur posisi yang nyaman bagi klien, misalnya dengan lutut fleksi.<br /> Menurunkan tegangan permukaan abdomen dan mengurangi nyeri<br /> Lakukan aktivitas pengalihan untuk memberikan rasa nyaman seperti masase punggung dan kompres hangat abdomen<br /> Meningkatkan relaksasi, mengalihkan fokus perhatian kliendan meningkatkan kemampuan koping<br /> Bersihkan area anorektal dengan sabun ringan dan airsetelah defekasi dan berikan perawatan kulit<br /> Melindungi kulit dari keasaman feses, mencegah iritasi<br /> Kolaborasi pemberian obat analgetika dan atau antikolinergik sesuai indikasi<br /> Analgetik sebagai agen anti nyeri dan antikolinergik untuk menurunkan spasme traktus GI dapat diberikan sesuai indikasi klinis<br /> Kaji keluhan nyeri dengan Visual Analog Scale (skala 1-5), perubahan karakteristik nyeri, petunjuk verbal dan non verbal<br /> Mengevaluasi perkembangan nyeri untuk menetapkan intervensi selanjutnya<br /><br /><br />Dx.4 : Kecemasan keluarga b/d perubahan status kesehatan anaknya.<br /> Tujuan : Keluarga mengungkapkan kecemasan berkurang.<br /> Intervensi<br /> Rasional<br /> Dorong keluarga klien untuk membicarakan kecemasan dan berikan umpan balik tentang mekanisme koping yang tepat.<br /> Membantu mengidentifikasi penyebab kecemasan dan alternatif pemecahan masalah<br /> Tekankan bahwa kecemasan adalah masalah yang umum terjadi pada orang tua klien yang anaknya mengalami masalah yang sama<br /> Membantu menurunkan stres dengan mengetahui bahwa klien bukan satu-satunya orang yang mengalami masalah yang demikian<br /> Ciptakan lingkungan yang tenang, tunjukkan sikap ramah tamah dan tulus dalam membantu klien.<br /> Mengurangi rangsang eksternal yang dapat memicu peningkatan kecemasan<br /> <br />Dx.5 : Kurang pengetahuan keluarga tentang kondisi, prognosis dan kebutuhan terapi b/d pemaparan informasi terbatas, salah interpretasi informasi dan atau keterbatasan kognitif.<br /> Tujuan : Keluarga akan mengerti tentang penyakit dan pengobatan anaknya, serta mampu mendemonstrasikan perawatan anak di rumah.<br /> Intervensi<br /> Rasional<br /> Kaji kesiapan keluarga klien mengikuti pembelajaran, termasuk pengetahuan tentang penyakit dan perawatan anaknya.<br /> Efektivitas pembelajaran dipengaruhi oleh kesiapan fisik dan mental serta latar belakang pengetahuan sebelumnya.<br /> Jelaskan tentang proses penyakit anaknya, penyebab dan akibatnya terhadap gangguan pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-hari aktivitas sehari-hari.<br /> Pemahaman tentang masalah ini penting untuk meningkatkan partisipasi keluarga klien dan keluarga dalam proses perawatan klien<br /> Jelaskan tentang tujuan pemberian obat, dosis, frekuensi dan cara pemberian serta efek samping yang mungkin timbul<br /> Meningkatkan pemahaman dan partisipasi keluarga klien dalam pengobatan.<br /> Jelaskan dan tunjukkan cara perawatan perineal setelah defekasi<br /> Meningkatkan kemandirian dan kontrol keluarga klien terhadap kebutuhan perawatan diri anaknya<br /><br />Dx. 6 : Kecemasan anak b.d Perpisahan dengan orang tua, lingkugan yang baru<br /> Tujuan : Kecemasan anak berkurang dengan kriteria memperlihatkan tanda-tanda kenyamanan<br /> Intervensi<br /> Rasional<br /> Anjurkan pada keluarga untuk selalu mengunjungi klien dan berpartisipasi dalam perawatn yang dilakukan<br /> Mencegah stres yang berhubungan dengan perpisahan<br /> Berikan sentuhan dan berbicara pada anak sesering mungkin<br /> Memberikan rasa nyaman dan mengurangi stress<br /> Lakukan stimulasi sensory atau terapi bermain sesuai dengan ingkat perkembangan klien<br /> Meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan secara optimun<br /><br />D. EVALUASI<br /> Evaluasi merupakan pengukuran keberhasilan sejauhmana tujuan tersebut tercapai. Bila ada yang belum tercapai maka dilakukan pengkajian ulang, kemudian disusun rencana, kemudian dilaksanakan dalam implementasi keperawatan lalau dievaluasi, bila dalam evaluasi belum teratasi maka dilakukan langkah awal lagi dan seterusnya sampai tujuan tercapai.<br /> Volume cairan dan elektrolit kembali normal sesuai kebutuhan.<br /> Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi sesuai kebutuhantubuh.<br /> Integritas kulit kembali normal.<br /> Rasa nyaman terpenuhi.<br /> Pengetahuan kelurga meningkat.<br /> Cemas pada klien teratasi. <br /></div>
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /> </div>
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Mansjoer, Arif. (2000). Kapita Selekta Kedokteran, Jilid II. Media Aesculapius. Jakarta.<br /> Mansjoer, Arif. (2001). Kapita Selekta Kedokteran, Jilid I. Media Aesculapius. Jakarta. <br />Mansjoer, Arif. (2002). Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Jakarta. Media Aesculapius <br /> Nanda. (2007). Diagnose Nanda: Nic dan Noc.<br /> Nursalam. (2001). Proses dan Dokumentasi Keperawatan: Konsep dan Penyakit. Salemba Medika. Jakarta.<br />Nursalam. (2005). Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Bayi dan Anak (untuk perawat dan bidan). Salemba Medika. Jakarta.<br />Setiadi. (2007). Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. <br />Soegijanto,Soegeng, (2002). Ilmu Penyakit Anak, Diagnosa dan Pelaksanaan. Salemba Medika, Jakarta.</div>
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